scrapbook 1 (ww2)

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the daily scrap book (ww2 book 1 )
most of you know that i am a collector of military stuffs and in my travles i came across a pair of scrap books from the ww2 era. the books are not laid out well but they have some great pics and lots of info and id like to share it with you all . its gonna take time and do to half articles and some are just pics ill have to add info at times (ill do my best on additional info ) . there is good news and bad news about this thread first the bad . unfortunately in order for me to keep track of it and keep it clean , neat and easy to read . the good news there are almost 100 pages of clippings per book, so it will go on for a while . one last thing although the title might say daily i might miss a day or two so thank you in advance for your patience .
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the books


page 1&2


page 1
winston churchill meeting franklin roosevelt

A close friendship and the excellent working relations that developed between U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill were crucial in the establishment of a unified effort to deal with the Axis powers. This working relationship was highlighted by many joint appearances and agreements that not only addressed the immediate needs of the Allies but also the planning for a successful peace following victory.
In late December 1941, shortly after entry of the United States into World War II, Churchill met in Washington, D.C., with Roosevelt in what became known as the First Washington Conference, code name "Arcadia." The conference placed first priority on the Atlantic theater and the defeat of Germany and Italy. On December 24, 1941, Roosevelt and Churchill delivered Christmas greetings to the nation and the world from the South Portico of the White House during the lighting of the National Community Christmas Tree. FDR closed his short message with the following passage, "And so I am asking my associate, [and] my old and good friend, to say a word to the people of America, old and young, tonight, -- Winston Churchill, Prime Minister of Great Britain." These words clearly describe the relationship that these two leaders of the "Free World" had struck.
FDR had begun the long-term correspondence that developed into a close working friendship with Winston Churchill in early 1940 while Churchill was still first lord of the admiralty. The initial interaction was to encourage a neutral America to take a more active anti-Axis role.
FDR facts
1.) Did you know that F.D. Roosevelt was the first president to speak on television? 2.) F.D. Roosevelt was one of the eight presidents that died while in office.
3.) He was the first president to have a presidential aircraft.
4.) He was in office longer than any other president.
5.) He was the first president whose mother was allowed to vote for him.

Churchill, the ‘British Bulldog’ – and symbol of all things British – is in fact half-American. Churchill’s English roots are undisputed; indeed, his paternal ancestry, courtesy of his father Lord Randolph Churchill, can be traced back to the illustrious Dukes of Marlborough. However, his American heritage is equally impressive. His mother, Jennie Jerome, was the daughter of the American millionaire Leonard Jerome.
As The Times has noted, his paternal grandmother was a relative of George Washington. According to one source, his family tree can be linked to George Herbert Walker Bush and son. Further cementing his American ties, Churchill was the first individual ever to be acknowledged as an Honorary Citizen of the United States.
Incidentally, the Churchill family motto is Fiel Pero Desdichado, meaning ‘Faithful but unfortunate’. Whilst seemingly an unusual choice of mantra, Winston appears to have bucked the trend of misfortune.
page 2





Painted in 1942 by Deane Keller
Colin Kelly Jr. became a hero when America needed one the most The Story of Colin Kelly Jr.

Madison’s World War II Hero Is the Stuff of Legend

By Jason Dehart
It was too big a target to pass up.
Madison native and U.S. Army Air Corps Capt. Colin P. Kelly Jr. looked down from 22,000 feet and spied the Japanese warships hammering the northern coast of Luzon, the largest island in the Philippines. In the middle of the heavily armed invasion flotilla sat a large turreted gunship – which looked like a nice, fat battleship.
It was Dec. 10, 1941. Just three days after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the 29-year-old West Point graduate and B-17 bomber pilot was about to make history with the 19th Bomb Group, which had been stationed in the Philippines since September.
In the deadly action to follow, Kelly – one of the most respected B-17 pilots in his unit – would bomb that warship and sacrifice himself to save his crew. He became America’s first hero of World War II in the process – but history has a funny way of turning heroes into legends, thanks to the fog of war.


Just When America Needed a Hero . . . .

It was a dark day for America. The Japanese military was attacking everything within reach in the Pacific, eager to increase their nation’s dominance in the region.
Just hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Japanese planes strafed Clark Field on the island of Luzon. Nineteen American B-17s – big, four-engine long-range bombers – were stationed there, and another group was sequestered out of range at an airstrip on the southern island of Mindanao.
Prewar standing orders stated that in the event hostilities broke out between Japan and the United States, B-17s from the 19th Bomb Group were to immediately attack Japanese fighter bases on the island of Formosa (modern-day Taiwan).
But on Dec. 8, 1941, when news reached the Philippines of the attack on Pearl Harbor, the orders – for some reason – were not immediately carried out. One historical account says the bombers were assigned reconnaissance missions around Luzon. When the order finally came to attack Formosa, the planes returned to Clark Field, only to be strafed by 200 or more Japanese fighters. All but one B-17 was destroyed. The planes at Mindanao were beyond the range of the Japanese planes and were safe – for the time being.
According to aviation writer Larry W. Bledsoe, seven B-17Cs – an early version of the B-17 – flew up the next day to an airstrip near Clark Field. The day after that, they drove over to the airfield and were in the process of being armed when air-raid sirens started blaring again.
Only three 600-pound bombs were loaded on Kelly’s B-17C before he was forced to take off, Bledsoe wrote in 2004 for the General Aviation News. Two other bombers took off as well. All three went in different directions to tackle different targets.
“Kelly had orders to seek out and bomb a carrier believed to be operating off the north coast of Luzon,” Bledsoe wrote. “Actually there was no aircraft carrier. The Americans believed there was one because Japanese Navy Zeros had participated in the previous day’s raid.”
Other historians say Kelly’s mission was to carry out the previous standing orders – to hit Formosa. However, whatever order he was following went out the window when his lone bomber came across that Japanese fleet shelling the coastal town of Aparri on Luzon.

The Legend Begins

Kelly and his crew were all alone, without fighter cover or other bombers to back him up. He was deep within enemy territory, hovering over a large, ship-borne Japanese invasion force. He only had three bombs and a limited self-defense capability. Japanese Zeros, deadly little enemy fighters manned by professional pilots who already were war veterans, were prowling nearby.
Despite having the deck stacked against him and his crew, Kelly made the command decision to ignore his standing orders and attack the nearest target of opportunity, which happened to be the largest warship in the flotilla below.
Wartime legend holds that in Kelly’s next dramatic move, he rammed his plane into the smokestack of the massive Japanese battleship Haruna, becoming at one time the war’s first suicide attack and its first Medal of Honor recipient.
In the confusion of those dark early days, the rumor of Kelly’s suicide mission spread widely in an America longing for a hero to emerge – and thus the legend was born.
“In the confusion of the early days of the Pacific war, Kelly was credited with sinking a Japanese battleship and with (being awarded the) the Medal of Honor. Overnight he became a national hero,” wrote John L. Frisbee, contributing editor to Air Force Magazine Online.
One person enraptured by the exaggerated version of Kelly’s actions was none other than Florida Gov. Spessard Holland, who, when informed of Kelly’s death, sent a gushing condolence telegram to Kelly’s folks in Madison:

I have just learned with the deepest regret of the heroic death of your son, Captain Colin P. Kelly, Jr., in an engagement with enemy forces while serving with the United States Army Air Corps in the Philippines. As Governor of Florida, I beg to extend my deep sympathy which I am sure is equally shared by all the people of our state. America today salutes the extraordinary courage and exceptional feat of valor of your son in the sinking of the Japanese battleship Haruna and in the destruction of two enemy aircraft. Although your son made the supreme sacrifice in the splendidly successful execution of his mission, it may be of comfort to know that his exemplary bravery and achievement will serve as an inspiration to every patriotic American and especially to the men who now defend our shores in the fight for freedom. His deed will endure indelibly inscribed on the pages of America’s history.

A few days later, Holland sent another telegram, this time to the editor of the Tampa Tribune, in which he encouraged the paper to set up a college fund for Kelly’s young son, Colin “Corky” Kelly III:

In one of the first engagements of the Japanese War, Captain Colin P. Kelly, Jr., of Madison, Florida, serving with the United States Army Air Corps in the Philippines distinguished himself by an exceptional feat of courage and military daring. As the pilot of an army bombing plane he flew through a barrage of anti-aircraft fire to score three direct hits at close range on the enemy battleship Haruna, sending her to the bottom. His singular achievement will ever be remembered and stands as an inspiration to every patriotic American. The people of Florida are justifiably proud of the valiant action of one of their sons. In carrying out his mission, Capatin (sic) Kelly made the supreme sacrifice for his country.

Truth, the First Casualty of War

Gov. Holland’s version of Kelly’s sacrifice is a little different from what actually happened, according to Frisbee.
“It later was determined that Kelly and his crew did not sink a battleship, nor was he awarded the Medal of Honor, although some still believe both,” Frisbee wrote. “In fact, Colin Kelly was recommended for the Medal of Honor by Maj. Gen. Lewis H. Brereton, commander of the U.S. Far East Air Forces. The award he received was the Distinguished Service Cross, on the orders of Gen. Douglas MacArthur’s headquarters.”
Patriotic fervor may have played loose with the facts, but there is no doubt that Kelly died heroically that fateful day.
Here’s what really happened, based on wartime interviews with surviving crew members:
At 22,000 feet, Kelly circled the armada and singled out the largest warship he could find – which later turned out to be the heavy cruiser Ashigara and not the battleship Haruna, as was initially reported by authorities. Kelly’s bombardier carefully lined up the ship and at 20,000 feet dropped all three bombs. At least one of them hit the target, because explosions were seen on the deck.
While hit, the Ashigara wasn’t sunk. It went on to fight throughout most of the rest of the war before being sunk in June 1945.
“As best the crew could tell, two of the three bombs bracketed the ship with one direct hit,” Frisbee wrote. “Smoke prevented more accurate assessment. The B-17 then headed for Clark Field, its bomb bay empty.”
That’s when the real trouble started. Kelly’s plane started to draw lots of unwanted attention in the form of 10 Zeros that promptly gunned their engines and lined up behind the solitary American bomber.

Like a Sitting Duck

Unlike later versions of the famous B-17, Kelly’s “C” model didn’t have a tail gun – a fact the enemy was aware of and used to their advantage by attacking from behind. In their first attack, one crewman was killed and instrument panels were shot out, but the armored bomber kept flying until it finally caught fire.
“A second attack set the left wing ablaze. The fire spread rapidly into the fuselage, filling the flight deck with smoke,” Frisbee wrote.
It was time to bail. Kelly shouted the order,
and as he struggled with the controls, his crew jumped out one by one through various escape hatches. The fire now engulfed the nose. Just as Kelly’s co-pilot, 2nd Lt. Donald Robins, started to jump, the plane exploded, blowing Robins clear – but Kelly was killed. The wreckage tumbled from the sky, and Kelly’s body later was found inside, just five miles from Clark Field.
Over time, the real facts of the matter became legendary, too.
“The early report of his heroism, which inspired a nation in shock, is in no way diminished by the actual events of that December day in 1941,” wrote Frisbee. “Alone and far from friendly territory, he attacked and damaged a heavily armed ship, then sacrificed his own life to save his crew.”

Epilogue

Not surprisingly, Kelly’s actions have been memorialized in many ways.
In San Francisco, Japan Street was renamed in his honor. Closer to home, the “Four Freedoms” monument, located in downtown Madison, was dedicated to his memory in 1944. In 2000, an act of Congress renamed the Madison post office the “Capt. Colin P. Kelly, Jr. Post Office.” Kelly’s legend also lives on in aviation paintings, thanks to artists such as Stan Stokes, Robert Taylor and Gil Cohen. There even is a model airplane kit of his B-17C.
But perhaps the greatest memorial lives on today in Kelly’s son, Colin P. “Corky” Kelly III, who now is a rector at Trinity on the Hill Episcopal Church in Los Alamos, N.M.
Corky Kelly was only 3 years old when his father was killed – an event that would literally shape his life. When President Franklin D. Roosevelt learned of Colin Kelly’s death, he was so moved that he wrote a letter addressed to the future president of the United States and asked the future commander-in-chief to appoint Corky (who would then be 18) to West Point.
Fifteen years or so later, President Dwight D. Eisenhower would make good on his predecessor’s request. Colin P. Kelly III attended West Point, graduated, served the Army in Germany and Fort Riley, Kan., attended divinity school, returned to the Army, became an assistant chaplain at West Point, and retired to his current position in New Mexico. He has been there for about 20 years.
Today, Roosevelt’s letter to the future is in the Dwight D. Eisenhower Library in Abilene, Kan

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page 3&4

page 3

listen to the Christmas speech here
http://www.winstonchurchill.org/lear...ng-1941-listen

page 4

In the 1940 presidental election campaign Roosevelt promised to keep America out of the war. He stated, "I have said this before, but I shall say it again and again and again; your boys are not going to be sent into any foreign wars." Nevertheless, FDR wanted to support Britain and believed the United States should serve as a "great arsenal of democracy." Churchill pleaded "Give us the tools and we'll finish the job." In January 1941, following up on his campaign pledge and the prime minister's appeal for arms, Roosevelt proposed to Congress a new military aid bill.
The plan was to "lend-lease or otherwise dispose of arms" and other supplies needed by any country whose security was vital to the defense of the United States. This Lend-Lease Act, proposed by FDR in January 1941 and passed by Congress in March, went a long way toward solving the concerns of both Great Britain's desperate need for supplies and America's desire to appear neutral. Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson told the Senate Foreign Relations Committee during the debate over lend-lease, "We are buying . . . not lending. We are buying our own security while we prepare. By our delay during the past six years, while Germany was preparing, we find ourselves unprepared and unarmed, facing a thoroughly prepared and armed potential enemy."
In August 1941, Roosevelt and Churchill met for the first of nine face-to-face conferences during the war. The four-day meeting aboard a ship anchored off the coast of Newfoundland at Argentia Bay was devoted to an agreement on war aims and a vision for the future. The document created at this meeting was the The Atlantic Charter, an agreement on war aims between besieged Great Britain and the neutral United States. The charter set forth the concepts of self-determination, end to colonialism, freedom of the seas, and the improvement of living and working conditions for all people. Many of the ideas were similar to those proposed by Wilson's Fourteen Points, but not accepted by our allies at the Versailles Conference at the close of World War I.
From 1941 when they first met until FDR's death in 1945, Roosevelt and Churchill sustained a close personal and professional relationship. Playwright Robert Sherwood later wrote, "It would be an exaggeration to say that Roosevelt and Churchill became chums at this conference. . . . They established an easy intimacy, a joking informality and moratorium on pomposity and cant, -- and also a degree of frankness in intercourse which, if not quite complete, was remarkably close to it." Roosevelt cabled Churchill after the meeting, "It is fun to be in the same decade with you." Churchill later wrote, "I felt I was in contact with a very great man who was also a warm-hearted friend and the foremost champion of the high causes which we served."
Two of the documents featured in this lesson, the typewritten drafts of Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Winston Churchill's Christmas Eve greeting from the White House in Washington, D.C., on December 24, 1941, and the remarks of the president and Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands are housed at the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library in Hyde Park, NY.

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page 4&5

page 4


did a little digging and found a few posters with jerry on them


did you know ?
1940 -- US Congress passes Bald Eagle Preservation Act.
page 5

its a little hard to see but its the bill of rights

Congress of the United States
begun and held at the City of New-York, on
Wednesday the fourth of March, one thousand seven hundred and eighty nine.
THE Conventions of a number of the States, having at the time of their adopting the Constitution, expressed a desire, in order to prevent misconstruction or abuse of its powers, that further declaratory and restrictive clauses should be added: And as extending the ground of public confidence in the Government, will best ensure the beneficent ends of its institution.
RESOLVED by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America, in Congress assembled, two thirds of both Houses concurring, that the following Articles be proposed to the Legislatures of the several States, as amendments to the Constitution of the United States, all, or any of which Articles, when ratified by three fourths of the said Legislatures, to be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of the said Constitution; viz.
ARTICLES in addition to, and Amendment of the Constitution of the United States of America, proposed by Congress, and ratified by the Legislatures of the several States, pursuant to the fifth Article of the original Constitution.
Note: The following text is a transcription of the first ten amendments to the Constitution in their original form. These amendments were ratified December 15, 1791, and form what is known as the "Bill of Rights."
Amendment I
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.
Amendment II
A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.
Amendment III
No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.
Amendment IV
The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.
Amendment V
No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.
Amendment VI
In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence.
Amendment VII
In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.
Amendment VIII
Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.
Amendment IX
The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.
Amendment X
The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.

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pages 6&7


page 6 (clipping 1)



War came unexpectedly to the Philippines. Japan opened a surprise attack on the Philippines on December 8, 1941, when Japan attacked without warning, just ten hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor. Japanese troops attacked the islands in many places and launched a pincer drive on Manila. Aerial bombardment was followed by landings of ground troops in Luzon. The defending Philippine and United States troops were under the command of General Douglas MacArthur. Under the pressure of superior numbers, the defending forces (about 80,000 troops, four fifths of them Filipinos) withdrew to the Bataan Peninsula and to the island of Corregidor at the entrance to Manila Bay where they entrenched and tried to hold until the arrival of reinforcements, meanwhile guarding the entrance to Manila Bay and denying that important harbor to the Japanese. But no reinforcements were forthcoming. Manila, declared an open city to stop its destruction, was occupied by the Japanese on January 2, 1942. The Philippine defense continued until the final surrender of United States-Philippine forces on the Bataan Peninsula in April 1942 and on Corregidor in May. Most of the 80,000 prisoners of war captured by the Japanese at Bataan were forced to undertake the notorious Bataan Death March to a prison camp 105 kilometers to the north. It is estimated that as many as 10,000 men died before reaching their destination.
(clipping 2 )


no more info on mary jones or her father w.p.


page 7


The following is a list of how many people were killed on Dec. 7, 1941 as a result of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.

• US Navy: 2,008 KIA
• USMC: 109 KIA
• US Army: 218 KIA
• Civilians: 68

Total: 2,403

Close to 2/3 of those who died occurred in the first 15 minutes of the battle when the Oklahoma, Utah and the Arizona were bombed.

In addition, 55 Japanese died, in addition to an unknown number of Japanese wounded. The US had 1,178 personnel wounded.

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pages 8&9


page 8

The construction of the USS Arizona (BB-39), named for the 48th state in the Union, began on March 16, 1914, when the keel was laid. After a year of intense labor, it was launched on June 19, 1915, as the second and last of the Pennsylvania class battleships.

The launching was a grand affair, and Esther Ross, daughter of an influential pioneer citizen in Prescott, Arizona, was selected to christen the ship. The battleship's commissioning took place on October 16, 1916, under the command of Captain John D. McDonald.

The newly-commissioned USS Arizona in the East River, New York City, c. 1916. U.S. Naval Historical Center photo NH94785.

The dimensions of the ship were quite impressive for the time. Its overall length was 608 feet (two American football fields long) with a beam of 97 feet 1 inch. It displaced 31,400 tons with a mean draft of 28 feet 10 inches. Arizona's four shafts were driven by four paired Parsons turbines and 12 Babcock and Wilcox boilers that developed 33,375 horsepower, enabling a top speed of 21 knots. The designed complement was 55 officers and 860 men. Arizona was well-armed for ships of its period. The original armament consisted of 12 14-inch 45-caliber guns; 22 5-inch 51-caliber guns; four 3-inch 50-caliber guns; and two 21-inch submerged torpedo tubes. It was protected by 18 inches of armor at its maximum thickness. Arizona and its sister ship Pennsylvania represented a modest improvement of the previous Nevada-class battleships: "length and displacement were somewhat increased and two additional 14-inch guns were shipped, the main armament now being arranged in four triple turrets. . . ." The significant change was concentrated in the firepower of the vessel: Arizona's four turrets (labeled No. 1, 2, 3 and 4) each mounted three 14-inch naval guns.

On Nov. 16, 1916, Arizona departed on its shakedown cruise and training off the Virginia Capes, Newport and Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. Two months later it returned to Norfolk, Virginia to conduct test-firing of its guns and torpedo-defense exercises. On December 24 it entered the New York Naval Shipyard for a post shakedown overhaul, completed by April 3, 1917.

USS Arizona's configuration had changed very little since its 1931 modernization. However, in April 1939 and January 1941 alterations had been done to ready the vessel for war. For the most part, these modifications involved adding additional defenses against the aircraft that would clearly be a serious threat in the event of war.

USS Arizona as it appeared on December 7, 1941, in "Measure 1" camouflage. Some of the battleships at Pearl Harbor (e.g., Nevada) were also painted with Measure 5, a false bow wave (inset). This was intended to confuse observers as to the ship's actual speed and interfere with their aiming calculations.
Arizona was painted in a two-tone gray paint scheme commonly referred to as Measure 1, consisting of an ocean gray (dark) on all hull and superstructure masses. Haze gray (light) was applied to the masts, yards and towers above the level of the superstructure masses. This paint scheme was meant to break up the general outline of the ship at a distance. The hull and superstructure were meant to blend with the sea, the upper works with the sky. It obviously had no value to vessels in port. A majority of the Pacific Fleet was painted in that manner.
Battle Damage

At the time of the attack, Arizona was moored at berth F-7, with the repair ship Vestal moored alongside. The vessel suffered hits from several bombs and was strafed and then about 8:10 a.m. the battleship took a death blow. Petty Officer Noburo Kanai, in a high-altitude bomber, had earned the title of crack bombardier while training for the mission. Kanai was credited with dropping the bomb that blew up Arizona. The 1,760-lb. projectile hurtled through the air, reportedly striking near turret No. 2 and penetrating deep into the battleship's innards before exploding near the forward magazine. In a tremendous blast, Arizona blew up. In an instant, most of the men aboard were killed, including Rear Admiral Isaac C. Kidd and Capt. Franklin Van Valkenburgh, both posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor. The blast from Arizona blew men off the decks of surrounding ships and threw tons of debris, including parts of bodies, all over the harbor. Survivors of the attack also claimed that Arizona was hit by one or possibly two torpedoes. Abandoned at 10:32 a.m., the ship's burning superstructure and canted masts loomed through the smoke that blanketed the harbor.

The Japanese bomb that destroyed USS Arizona was an 800kg (1,760lbs) armor-piercing bomb dropped from a high-altitude bomber. Almost eight feet in length, the bomb carried only about 50 lbs of explosive, but that was enough to detonate Arizona's forward ammunition magazines. Postwar analysis suggests that Arizona was hit by four of these weapons, but -- contrary to initial reports made immediately after the attack -- there is no evidence the ship was struck by a torpedo. Image by Andy Hall. Salvage

Salvage work continues on USS Arizona in February 1942. The foremast of the ship collapsed in the magazine explosion and subsequent fire, crushing the ship's bridge below it. At right center is the ship's armored conning tower, from which Arizona would have been steered in action. U.S. Naval Historical Center photo NH83993A.

Of all the ships lost or damaged at Pearl Harbor, USS Arizona offered the most pathetic sight. It quickly became clear that the ship could not be salvaged. The Navy decided that the Army would receive gun turrets No. 3 and 4 for use as coastal defense guns. Two sites were selected: one at Mokapu Head (Kaneohe) known as Battery Pennsylvania and the second at an area known today as Electric Hill (HEI generating plant) on the western shore of Oahu, up the slopes of the Wianae Mountains. Only Battery Pennsylvania was completed. A test firing took place four days before the surrender of Japan.

Despite the work done to remove all useful materials from Arizona, it was apparent the ship itself was lost. On December 1, 1942, the vessel was struck from the Navy List, the official roster of commissioned ships.

One question still haunts visitors to the Arizona Memorial even to this day. Why were the dead not removed? Initially, about 105 bodies were removed but because the ship was never raised, the remainder could not. The priority at that time was salvage of ships that could be repaired, and Arizona was not in that category. As a result, the bodies deteriorated to the point of not being identifiable. Even as late as 1947, requests were made in regard to removal of the dead, but rejected. They are considered buried at sea by the U.S. Navy.


page 9

ARK ROYAL Class Fleet Aircraft Carrier ordered from Cammell Laird of Birkenhead under the 1934 estimates. The ship was launched on 13th April 1937 as the third RN warship to carry the name, which dates from 1587 and has a direct association with naval aviation extending over several generations. She was completed in November 1938 and saw extensive and illustrious service during WW2 before her loss three years later.

1 9 3 9

September
3rd Deployed with Home Fleet in NW Approaches and North Sea patrols.
14th Under attack by U39 which failed.
26th Provided air cover for Home Fleet units in Heligoland Bight during recovery of
damaged submarine HMS SPEARFISH. Under air attack for first time.

October Deployed at Freetown with Force K with HM Battlecruiser RENOWN in search for
commerce raiders between African coast and Brazilian waters.
9th Aircraft sighted German supply tanker ALTMARK but were deceived into believing
her to be the US tanker DELMAR.

November
5th Intercepted and captured German ss UHENFELS which was later used by Britain as
cargo ship. Aircraft searches also resulted in interceptions by other ships.

December Diverted to join British ships at Montevideo waiting for German battleship GRAF
SPEE to leave port. Called at Rio de Janeiro for fuel.

1 9 4 0

January Atlantic deployment with Group in continuation.
to Covered part of return passage from Falklands to Devonport of damaged cruiser
February HMS EXETER.

March Transferred to Mediterranean for joint work-up and flying exercises with the
aircraft carrier HMS GLORIOUS. Took passage to Malta.
31st Sailed for Alexandria with HMS GLORIOUS.

April
8th Commenced work-up with HMS GLORIOUS in Eastern Mediterranean.
Training programme cancelled.
9th Passage to Gibraltar with HMS GLORIOUS.
(See CARRIER GLORIOUS by J Winton).
16th Transferred to Home Fleet and took passage to Scapa Flow.
23rd Sailed for Norway with HMS GLORIOUS escorted by HM Cruisers BERWICK and CURLEW
screened by HM Destroyers HYPERION, HEREWARD, HASTY, FEARLESS, FURY and JUNO.
(Operation DX - This was the first use by the RN of a Task Force including an
an aircraft carrier with the prime purpose of providing fighter protection for
warships, offensive strikes against shipping and shore targets as well as anti-
submarine patrols).
25th Commenced anti-submarine patrols and provided Combat Air Patrol (CAP) for the
defence of Fleet units.
27th Passage to Scapa Flow refuel and embarked aircraft.
29th Returned to Norway escorted by HM Battleship VALIANT.
30th Covered evacuation from Andalsnes and Molde.

May Norwegian coast deployment in continuation.
13th Covered bombardment at Narvik by Fleet units and a landing by French troops.
18th Supported military operations with HM Aircraft Carriers GLORIOUS and FURIOUS.
(Note: This was the first time more than two aircraft carriers had operated as
one unit since the outbreak of war).

June Deployed in support of evacuation of allied Expeditionary Force (Operation ALPHABET).
1st Sailed from Scapa Flow with HMS GLORIOUS screened by HM Destroyers HIGHLANDER,
DIANA, ACASTA, ARDENT and ACHERON.
2nd ALPHABET commenced.
3rd Carried out patrols and bombing operations when weather permitted until 6th.
7th Deployed at Narvik to cover evacuation.
9th Provided air cover for last evacuation convoy to UK.
Aircraft searched for German battleships SCHARNHORST and GNEISENAU which were
reported at sea.
(These ships sank HMS GLORIOUS - See above reference)
11th Unsuccessful bombing attack by SKUA aircraft on HIPPER at Trondheim. Eight SKUA
aircraft were lost.
14th Returned to Scapa Flow.
(For details of the disastrous naval operations off Norway see NARVIK by Donald
MacIntyre and ENGAGE THE ENEMY MORE CLOSELY by Corelli Barnett).
28th Transferred to Force H at Gibraltar on formation.

July
2nd Deployed with Force H to secure transfer, surrender or destruction of French
warships at Mers-el-Kebir and Oran (Operation CATAPULT).
Aircraft laid mines off Oran to deter any escape from port.
(For details see THE RELUCTANT ENEMIES by W Tute
7th Joined Force C in Force H for cover passage of military convoys.
8th Planned aircraft attacks on Cagliari not made in view of heavy air attacks made south of Minorca.
22nd Deployed with Force H to carry out attacks on shipping in Bay of Biscay.
25th Operation cancelled and returned to Gibraltar.
31st Covered aircraft delivery to Malta by HM Aircraft Carrier ARGUS with ships of
Force H including HM Battlecruiser HOOD and HM Cruiser ENTERPRISE.
(Operation HURRY).
(For details of operations in Mediterranean between 1940 and 1941 see The Naval
Staff Histories and THE BATTLE FOR THE MEDITERRANEAN by D MacIntyre).

August
2nd Detached to launched air attack on Cagliari as a diversion (Operation CRUSH).
30th Covered passage of reinforcements to Alexandria with Force B comprising HMS
ARK ROYAL, HM Battlecruiser RENOWN and HM Cruiser SHEFFIELD screened by ships
of the 8th Destroyer Flotilla (Operation HATS).

September
1st Launched attacks on Elmas and Cagliari in Sardinia as a diversion.
(Operations SMASH and GRAB)..

October Withdrawn for docking and took passage to Liverpool escorted by H M Destroyers FORTUNE,
FORESTER and GREYHOUND.
8th Routine docking at Liverpool.

November
3rd Passage from Scapa Flow with HM Battleship BARHAM, HM Cruisers BERWICK and
GLASGOW.
6th Resumed duties with Force H on arrival at Gibraltar.
7th Covered passage of reinforcement ships to Alexandria with HM Cruiser SHEFFIELD
and six destroyers as Force B (Operation COAT).
9th Launched air attacks on Elmas and Cagliari as a diversion. (Operation CRACK).
15th Covered aircraft delivery to Malta by HM Aircraft Carrier ARGUS with HM Cruiser
SHEFFIELD and HM Cruiser DESPATCH screened by Force H destroyers.
(Operation WHITE).
25th Covered Malta convoys and transfer of HM Cruisers SOUTHAMPTON and MANCHESTER
to Eastern Mediterranean with HMS RENOWN, HMS SHEFFIELD and HMS DESPATCH
screened by destroyers of Force H (Operation COLLAR).
27th Detached from Force H ships with HM Destroyers JAGUAR and KELVIN when Italian
battleships VITTORIO VENETO and GIULIO CESARE with cruisers and a destroyer
screen were sighted off Cape Spartivento. When enemy ships retired and were not brought to
action to ensure safe passage of convoy this decision was criticised but a subsequent Board of
Enquiry supported the local decision.
(For details see ENGAGE THE ENEMY MORE CLOSELY and Naval Staff History.

December.
14th Deployed with Force H in Atlantic off Azores in search for commerce raiders.
.20th Deployed for escort of HM Battleship MALAYA and merchants ships from Malta with Force
H (Operation HIDE).
27th Carried cut further search off the Azores with Force H which was restricted by
weather conditions.

1 9 4 1

January
7th Covered transit of HM cruiser BONAVENTURE, HM Destroyers JAGUAR and JUNO to join
Fleet in Eastern Mediterranean and passage of convoy to Malta and Piraeus with HMS RENOWN,
HM Battleship MALAYA, HMS SHEFFIELD and destroyer screen. (Operation EXCESS).

February
2nd Launched air attacks on Tirso Dam, Sardinia escorted by HMS RENOWN, HMS MALAYA
and HMS SHEFFIELD (Operation PICKET).
6th Cover bombardment of targets at Genoa by HMS RENOWN and HMS MALAYA.
(Operation GROG).
9th Launched air strikes on La Spezia oil refinery and air minelay in entrances to harbour.
12th Deployed with HMS SHEFFIELD to cover passage of Convoy SLS65 for Sierra Leone
after an attack by German cruiser HIPPER on earlier SL54.
17th Joined HMS RENOWN and destroyers to escort military Convoy WS6 to Middle East.
21st Relieved and returned to Gibraltar

March
8th Deployed with HMS RENOWN, HMS SHEFFIELD and HM Cruiser ARETHUSA to join ships
of Home Fleet in patrol off Best to prevent German battleships SCHARNHORST and GNEISENAU from
entering harbour.
10th Detached with HMS RENOWN to join HMS MALAYA, HM Destroyer FAULKNOR and HM
Destroyer FORESTER as escort for Convoy SL67
19th Detached on relief and deployed in search for ships captured by SCHARNHORST and
on passage to Germany with prize crews. Two were later intercepted and scuttled
with one ship POLYKARP being retaken.
21st Aircraft sighted SCHARNHORST but further reports prevented by fog.
Resumed patrol off Brest.
24th Returned to Gibraltar to refuel.
April
2nd Carried out Malta aircraft delivery with HMS ARGUS escorted by HMS RENOWN and
HMS SHEFFIELD (Operation WINCH).
6th Deployed with HMS RENOWN and HMS SHEFFIELD in Atlantic to search for commerce raiders.
16th Returned to Gibraltar.
24th Joined HMS RENOWN and HMS SHEFFIELD with screen of destroyers from Force H to
cover passage of HM Cruisers DIDO, HM Cruiser ABDIEL and ships of 5th Destroyer
Flotilla (including HMS KELLY) to Eastern Mediterranean concurrent with a Malta
aircraft delivery (Operations DUNLOP and SALIENT).

May
6th Joined same Force H ships as DUNLOP to cover transit of major military convoy
taking tanks to Eighth Army and the passage of HM Battleship QUEEN ELIZABETH, HM
Cruisers NAIAD, FIJI, GLOUCESTER and 6 destroyers to join Fleet in the Eastern
Mediterranean (Operation TIGER).
12th Under air attack on return passage.
19th Aircraft delivery with HM Aircraft Carrier FURIOUS escorted by HMS RENOWN and
SHEFFIELD (Operation SPLICE).
23rd Deployed with HMS RENOWN, HMS SHEFFIELD and HM Destroyers FAULKNOR, FORESIGHT,
FORESTER, FORTUNE, FOXHOUND and FURY in search for German Battleship BISMARCK.
26th Aircraft sighted and shadowed BISMARCK. Inadvertent attack on HMS SHEFFIELD was
fortunately unsuccessful !
Later launched torpedo strikes which disabled steering and propellers of German
ship which enabling Fleet surface action (See BATTLESHIP BISMARCK by Mullenheim
Rechberg and The Naval Staff History for full details).
29th Returned to Gibraltar with Force H ships.

June
5th Carried out Malta aircraft delivery with HMS FURIOUS escorted by HMS RENOWN and
HMS SHEFFIELD (Operation ROCKET).
8th Deployed with HMS RENOWN and HMS SHEFFIELD to meet HM Cruiser HERMIONE and HM
Aircraft Carrier VICTORIOUS and escort them into Gibraltar.
13th Carried out Malta aircraft delivery with HMS VICTORIOUS escorted by RENOWN and
HMS HERMIONE (Operation TRACER).
27th Made two Malta aircraft deliveries to Malta with HMS VICTORIOUS escorted by HMS
RENOWN and HMS HERMIONE screened by destroyers (Operations RAILWAY I and II).

July
21st Covered passage of Malta convoy with Force H ships reinforced by HM Battleship
NELSON, HM Cruisers EDINBURGH, MANCHESTER and ARETHUSA screened by destroyers
of 4th Destroyer Flotilla, Home Fleet (Operation SUBSTANCE).
(See ENGAGE THE ENEMY MORE CLOSELY and THE BATTLE FOR THE MEDITERRANEAN)
29th Covered personnel convoy to Malta with HMS NELSON screen by ships of 4th and 8th
Destroyer Flotilla (Operation STYLE).

August Deployment with Force H in continuation.
21st Deployed with HMS NELSON and HMS HERMIONE screened by HM Destroyers NESTOR (RAN)
FORESTER, FORESIGHT, FURY and ENCOUNTER for multiple operation to cover minelay
by HM Minelaying Cruiser MANXMAN off La Spezia and to carry cut air strikes on
Tempia, Sardinia.

September
8th Carried out two aircraft delivery to Malta with FURIOUS covered by HMS NELSON
and Force H destroyers (Operation STATUS I and II).
24th Part of Force "A" with HM Battleships NELSON, RODNEY and PRINCE OF WALES with a
screen of 9 destroyers to cover passage of Malta convoy to Sicilian Narrows.
(Operation HALBERD - For details see above references).

October
16th Made aircraft delivery to Malta covered by HMS RODNEY and HMS HERMIONE.
(Operation CALLBOY).

November
10th Made aircraft delivery to Malta with HM Aircraft Carrier ARGUS covered by HMS
MALAYA, HMS HERMIONE and ships of 19th Destroyer Flotilla (Operation PERPETUAL).
13th During return passage to Gibraltar hit by torpedoed fired by U81, 150 miles east
of Gibraltar. Took on heavy list and lost all power. HM Destroyers LAFOREY and
LEGION stood by stricken ship and Crew were taken off. After ship was taken in
tow by tugs from Gibraltar some personnel rejoined but were unable to control flooding or
extinguish fires.
14th Ship sank after list slowly increased. The loss of this efficient and effective
ship severely weakened Fleet resources in the Mediterranean.
Casualty Lists were published on 17th and 20th November 1941.

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pages 10&11


page 10 (clipping 1)

On December 7, 1941, the Harbor Defenses of San Francisco Bay comprised a mixture of modern batteries as typified by Batteries Davis and Townsley; aging--but still potent--coast artillery emplacements constructed at the turn-of-the-century; mobile tractor drawn field artillery and antiaircraft guns; and the underwater minefields that still protected the shipping channels. Manning these defenses were an assemblage of "old army" regulars from the Sixth Coast Artillery Regiment, newly-formed units such as the 18th, 54th and 56th Coast Artillery Regiments, and National Guard Regiments from as far away as Minnesota and Texas. When news reached San Francisco of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, all off-duty personnel were recalled to their units and the harbor defenses put on full alert. Soldiers moved out of their barracks and into the batteries, and began filling sandbags, stringing barbed wire and constructing beach defenses at a fevered pace. Up and down the coast, observers in tiny concrete observation posts scanned the horizon for the approach of a Japanese fleet that would never come.

As the days and weeks progressed, the initial fear of imminent invasion settled into a long-term commitment to defend the harbor by every means possible. Mobile antiaircraft guns, searchlights and radars were positioned on virtually every hill and knoll overlooking the Golden Gate. The U.S. Navy stretched an antisubmarine net across the inner harbor extending from the Marina in San Francisco to Sausalito in Marin, and stationed a navy tugboat to open and close the net to allow friendly shipping to pass. Soldiers assigned to the fortifications and observation stations constructed extensive earthwork trenches on the hillsides near their batteries, and in some cases tunneled into hillsides to construct unauthorized but comfortable underground quarters. Everywhere, camouflage paint was daubed on concrete batteries and wood barracks, and acres of camouflage nets were stretched over fortifications to obscure their presence from high flying enemy planes. Overhead, navy blimps armed with depth charges patrolled offshore waters searching for Japanese submarines but only attacked the occasional unfortunate whale.
page 10 (clipping 2)


US Declaration of War against Germany

December 11, 1941
The President's Message

To the Congress of the United States:
On the morning of Dec. 11 the Government of Germany, pursuing its course of world conquest, declared war against the United States. The long-known and the long-expected has thus taken place. The forces endeavoring to enslave the entire world now are moving toward this hemisphere. Never before has there been a greater challenge to life, liberty and civilization. Delay invites great danger. Rapid and united effort by all of the peoples of the world who are determined to remain free will insure a world victory of the forces of justice and of righteousness over the forces of savagery and of barbarism. Italy also has declared war against the United States.
I therefore request the Congress to recognize a state of war between the United States and Germany, and between the United States and Italy.
Franklin D. Roosevelt
The War Resolution

Declaring that a state of war exists between the Government of Germany and the government and the people of the United States and making provision to prosecute the same.
Whereas the Government of Germany has formally declared war against the government and the people of the United States of America:
Therefore, be it Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, that the state of war between the United States and the Government of Germany which has thus been thrust upon the United States is hereby formally declared; and the President is hereby authorized and directed to employ the entire naval and military forces of the government to carry on war against the Government of Germany; and to bring the conflict to a successful termination, all of the resources of the country are hereby pledged by the Congress of the United States

page 11


The road to recovery for the Navy was immediate. The technology in this time, along with an abundance of fuel for machinery, made the rebuilding much easier. However, it would be months before the Navy was at full force. In fact, the Navy did not play a large role in the war until the Battle of Midway. The combination of ships, planes, luck, and surprise led to the fall of the Imperial Japanese Fleet. The crucial battle, the Battle of Midway, was a milestone for the American Navy. The bombing of Pearl Harbor gave all service men a desire to fight till the end in honor of the men and women who lost their lives on the Day of Infamy.

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pages 12&13


page 12 (clipping 1)

COAST ARTILLERY CORPS

The idea of coast defense is not a new one nor is it specifically an American idea. The idea of fortifying ports with artillery against Naval invaders goes back to the earliest of times when man first took to sea in ships to conquer other lands. The United States sought its own security against attack through its own fortification of its maritime ports. Fortifications were viewed as a way to avoid war and gave the American people a sense of security. This thinking had a strong influence on national defense policy making and construction of these fortifications was nearly a substitute for any other form of military policy. Fortifications were built throughout the coastline of America's shores and were defended by local militias. By the end of World War I many of the coast defense forts maintained by a small number of soldiers, and used as summer training camps for Army Reserve, National Guard, Reserve Officers Training Corps (ROTC), as well as the Civilian Military Training Corps (CMTC) units. New long-range 12-inch and 16-inch army ordnance for sea-coast armament was built during this period and supplemented by 16-inch naval guns made available as the result of naval reductions due to the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922. A number of new harbor defense construction plans were drawn up, but few new batteries were actually built during the this period due to fiscal constraints. The growing importance of aircraft as an offensive weapon resulted in the formation and training of specialized Coast Artillery Corps antiaircraft artillery units during this period. A number of antiaircraft guns were installed at all harbor defense reservations during WWI and years thereafter. When the Threat of another war loomed on the horizon the United States started rearming the American coastline with the long range 16-inch weapons.. A new construction program was authorized by Congress in September of 1940. The program planned for new defense at some 19 harbors along both coasts of North America. When America entered the war in December of 1941, a large number of mobile weapons were rushed to both coasts. A number of other "temporary" seacoast defenses were built using old naval weapons and relocated Army seacoast weapons. The seacoast defense construction program went into high gear in 1942, with priority for the sites along the Pacific coast. However, after the Battle of Midway in June of 1942, the possibility of a Japanese attack on the American mainland diminished. As a result the construction program was curtailed in 1944.Atthe end of World War II the Coast Artillery program was cancelled due to the improvement in amphibious landing tactics and the use of the air power had made fixed coastal defenses obsolete. During the 1950's the United States experimented with missile defense of its port facilities in key areas but even these were discontinued by the 1960's Today there is much talk about the Star Wars missile defense program, but it is in experimental development stage. But, who knows maybe someday the descendant of the Coast Artillery may still yet be defending the country against attack.


page 12 (clipping 2)



What effect did the Blackout have on people's lives ? Thousands of people died in road accidents. The number of road accidents increased because of the lack of street lighting and the dimmed traffic lights. To help prevent accidents white stripes were painted on the roads and on lamp-posts. People were encouraged to walk facing the traffic and men were advised to leave their shirt-tails hanging out so that they could be seen by cars with dimmed headlights.
Other people were injured during the Blackout because they could not see in the darkness. Many people were injured tripping up, falling down steps, or bumping into things.

page 12 (clipping 3)



During WWII, dogs were used by the military, as scouts, watch dogs, mascots, and to sniff out the hiding places of the enemy. There is no way to know how many human lives were saved by dogs, during WWII, but it is sure to number in the thousands.
Along with there ability to perform guard duty, sniff out the enemy, and other tasks, they provided countless soldiers much needed companionship, unconditional love, and a much needed diversion from the harsh realities of war. On this page are images of dogs taken during WWII.
Dogs have long been used during wars, and are still used today, by the U.S. military.

page 13


Manda as an open city/'
Ever since the declaration Man- ila has been under almost con- stant air-raid alarms. Bombs yere dropped in the port area.
Clark Lee, American Associated Press correspondent In Manila, says that the masses of Japanese troops are poorly equipped with .25 calibre guns, and many of the troops are only 15 or 18 years old. Some of them wore poor quality khaki, others were dressed half in .uniform and half in civilian clothes.
Lee adds that they did not show hysterical exultation. They didn't even charge, but lifted their knees high in a sort of imitation goose
j step.
"They kept coming forward in pairs, one directly behind the other. They were coming on to die, and many of them did. When they were hit they threw up their hands and fell backwards as if accepting an inevitable fate."
Communique issued in Washing- ton says that the American de- fences in the Philippines have reorganised and strengthened.
Positions have been held in the I vicinity of Lingaken : Gulf. Re-
peated enemy assaults in this sec- |
tor have been successfully resis- ted. There has been brisk fight- ing on other fronts in Luzon Island.
In his proclamation declaring Manila an open city. General MacArthur says: "In order to spare the metropolitan area from possible ravages from either air or ground attack, Manila is here- by declared an open city without the characteristics of a military objective.
"In order that no excuse may be given for a possible mistake the American High Commissioner to the Commonwealth Government and all combatant military instal- lations will be withdrawn from the environs as rapidly as possible.
"The municipal government will continue to function with the po- lice powers reinforced by con- stabulary troops, so that the nor- mal protection of life and property may be preserved. Citizens are
TORPEDOED AMERICAN FREIGHTER Lehigh as she sank after being attacked by an unseen submarine 75 miles from Freetown, Sierra Leone, Africa, on October 19. The series of photographs was taken by the Lehigh's radio opsrator, frorr one of the lifeboats in whic!~ the
crew escaped.
requested to maintain obedience to the constituted authorities and to continue their normal process
of business."
Tokio radio, replying: to this declaration, says: "It Is almost unthinkable to consider Manila as an open city, as it is well known American authorities considered Manila as a typical base in the event of an American attack against Japan. If Manila is des- ignated an open city, then Sin- gapore, Chungking, and Hong Kong could be considered opec
cities."
Many fires from the vicinity ol ! the reddened Manila sky illu- minated Cnristmas night, while repeated explosions from the soutfc shook the city following a Japan est air bombardment of a rail- way station. 35 miles south ol
Manila.
The Japanese are exerting ver j heavy pressure, and both sidei have suffered heavy casualties.
Before Manila was declared ar open city many people fired ai Japanese planes with .rifles anc pistols, but ineffectively.
United States army spokesmar declares: "The general situatior In the Philippines is better thai previously, as United States troops are now becoming harden-
ed to combat.
A Tokio communique claims thai the unit of Japanese troops, whict landed in Minlanao Island in thi south of the Philippines has nov occupied Davao, and are "cleanini up the remaining enemy troops."
A Washington Navy commun! que states that the United State forces have complied with th stipulations of the Hague Con vention regarding the declaratioi of Manila as an open city.
Refugees reaching Manila stat that the Japanese invaders ar spreading terror amongst th civilian population. In some town the Japanese have lined, up civi Hans against the walls and she them in order to intimidate th rest of the population.
Special propaganda agents an Japanese gestapo detachment accompany the invading column and Japanese aircraft are drop ping leaflets claiming that Japa is aiming only to set the Philip pines free from American "selfis
exploitation."

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pages 14&15

page 14





page 15 (clipping 1)

page 15 (clipping 2)


did you know that service animals get medals too??

The Dickin Medal

the dickin medal - recognised as the animals' Victoria Cross - was named after Maria Dickin, the founder of the PDSA, formerly known as the People’s Dispensary for Sick Animals .

Between 1943 and 1949, 54 animals received the medal, including 32 pigeons, 18 dogs and 3 horses.

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pages 16&17

page 16


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AfFz-dtNzYo
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A4zY1...eature=related
also found this and being a little dog owner i just had to share , enjoy !
SMOKY, 4 pound Yorkie. WWII's littlest soldier. 8 Battle stars, 12 combat Missions 18 months straight in combat. YANK magazine's "Champion Mascot of the SWPA in 1944" became a WAR DOG on LUZON late Jan.'45 by pulling string with communications wires attached under the only taxi strip leading to the protected area of 40 U.S Photo and Fighter planes saving them from the hazard of daily exposure to bombings if they would have to be moved while a construction detail dug up the taxiway. This three day job was accomplished in two minutes by the seven inch tall Smoky who climbed through 4 inch piles of sand accumilated at each four foot segment. along the 70 feet, 8" in diameter drainage culvert.Her stories appear in over 50 books and magazine articles Including Volumes I and II of the History of the Fifth Air Force.
page 17 (clipping 1)

The show included music by Irving Berlin and George Gershwin, narration by actors Burgess Meredith and Humphrey Bogart, a variety show performed by Phil Silvers and a speech by Wendell Wilkie.

The program's cover features a great revolutionary war scene with Mickey Mouse carrying a flag with the “V” for victory symbol, Donald Duck playing the fife, and Goofy banging on a washtub drum with a pair of spoons. Disney artist Hank Porter created the cover illustration, which was his adaptation of the art found on the cover of the July 1939 Mickey Mouse Magazine.

page 17 (clipping 2)




BURWOOD NAVAL SECTION BASE — Located on the Southwest Pass of the Mississippi River, Burwood Naval Section Base was established during World War II to watch for enemy ships and submarines in the Gulf of Mexico and to monitor traffic entering the mouth of the river. Construction of the base began in 1941 and the base was placed into commission on December 15, 1941, with Lieutenant Commander N. J. Ashley in command. The Army Corps of Engineers constructed a water tower approximately 120 ft. in height with a platform atop the tank which supported another smaller tower 75 ft. high. The smaller tower supported a yardarm (crossbeam) similar to that of a ship from which signal lights and signal flags could be hoisted to communicate with approaching ships (thereby maintaining radio silence). Inbound vessels were inspected prior to proceeding upriver to New Orleans and Baton Rouge. In 1942, the U.S. Army set up heavy artillery pieces (mobile howitzers) on either side of the river at Burwood. The guns had a range of approximately nine miles. The Army also set up a second watch tower on the South Pass near Port Eads. The base's heavy duty docks were capable of supporting not only pilot boats and civilian tugs and dredges, but also patrol craft, sub chasers, minesweepers, PT boats, and vessels as large as destroyers. Vessels staging out of Burwood participated in almost every rescue operation along the central Gulf Coast during the height of the U-boat threat in 1942.

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pages 18&19

page 18 (clipping 1)

Olav Hindahl (17 October 1892, Stavanger - 14 June 1963, Oslo) was a Norwegian trade unionist and politician for the Labour Party. He started his career as a typographer, and became involved in the local labour union. He rose up the ladder and became leader of the Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions in 1934. He left in 1939 to become Minister of Labour in the cabinet Nygaardsvold. During the German occupation of Norway he also headed, in exile, the Ministry of Trade. He relinquished both posts in 1945, but from 1946 to 1963 he directed the Norwegian Labour Inspection Authority.
On the local level he was a member of Stavanger city council from 1923 to 1925 and Aker municipal council from 1929 to 1931.

page 18 (clipping 2)


The war had a dramatic impact on women. The sudden appearance of large numbers of women in uniform was easily the most visible change. The military organized women into auxiliary units with special uniforms, their own officers, and, amazingly, equal pay. By 1945, more than 250,000 women had joined the Women's Army Corps (WAC), the Army Nurses Corps, Women Accepted for Voluntary Emergency Service (WAVES), the Navy Nurses Corps, the Marines, and the Coast Guard. Most women who joined the armed services either filled traditional women's roles, such as nursing, or replaced men in non-combat jobs. During the first world war, the first demonstations were held to give women the right to vote.
Women also substituted for men on the home front. For the first time in history, married working women outnumbered single working women as 6.3 million women entered the work force during the war. The war challenged the conventional image of female behavior, as "Rosie the Riveter" became the popular symbol of women who abandoned traditional female occupations to work in defense industries. Social critics had a field day attacking women. Social workers blamed working mothers for the rise in juvenile delinquency during the war.

page 19





here is a little about each of the featured


TINKER, CLARENCE LEONARD (1887-1942)

Clarence Leonard Tinker was the first American Indian in U.S. Army history to attain the rank of major general. One-eighth Osage, he was born on November 21, 1887, in Osage County, Oklahoma, the former Osage Nation, Indian Territory. Tinker, the eldest son of George E. Tinker and Sarah A. Schwagerte, received his elementary education in Catholic institutions at Hominy and Pawhuska, Oklahoma, and the Elgin, Kansas, public school. Beginning in 1900 he attended the Haskell Institute at Lawrence, Kansas, but withdrew before graduating. In fall 1906 he enrolled in Wentworth Military Academy at Lexington, Missouri. Upon graduating in 1908 he was commissioned a third lieutenant in the Philippine Constabulary.
Tinker's service with the constabulary lasted until 1912 when he was commissioned into the U.S. Army as a second lieutenant. After infantry training he joined the Twenty-fifth Infantry Division at Fort George Wright in Spokane, Washington. In January 1913 the Twenty-fifth transferred to Hawaii. While stationed near Honolulu, Tinker met and married Madeline Doyle of Halifax, Nova Scotia.
During World War I Tinker served in the southwestern United States and California, rising in rank to major. In 1919 he began flying lessons and soon transferred to the Air Corps. Tinker's aviation career began when he was assigned to flight duty on July 1, 1922. For the next twenty years he was stationed primarily at air installations in the southeastern United States. He continued climbing in rank, becoming a brigadier general on October 1, 1940. At that time he was in charge of MacDill Field, Tampa, Florida. As German armies rolled across Europe, he cautioned against Japanese aggression in the Pacific. The plans he devised to protect the Panama Canal and Caribbean region became important wartime strategy.
Tinker took command of the Hawaiian Department following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941. Promoted to major general in early 1942, he was placed in charge of the newly created Seventh Air Force at Hickam Field, Hawaii. A proponent of aggressive bombing tactics, Tinker led four Liberator bombers on a raid to Wake Island on June 5, 1942. Leaving Midway Island on June 6, his plane crashed at sea, killing all on board.
Clarence L. Tinker was the first American general to die in World War II; his body was never recovered. He received the Soldier's Medal in 1931 and, posthumously, the Distinguished Service Medal. Tinker Air Force Base in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, is named in his honor.


Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, USN, (1885-1966)
Chief of Naval Operations, 15 December 1945 - 15 December 1947



Chester William Nimitz was born in Fredericksburg, Texas, on 24 February 1885. Appointed to the U.S. Naval Academy in 1901 and graduated in 1905, he then spent four years with the Asiatic Fleet. During that time he commanded the small gunboat Panay and the destroyer Decatur (DD-5). In 1909-13, after his return to the United States, Lieutenant Nimitz was assigned to submarine duty, gaining a reputation as an expert in the field of undersea warfare. He also earned a Silver Lifesaving Medal for rescuing a sailor who fell overboard. Nimitz was next sent to Germany to study diesel engine technology. He put that knowledge to work during 1913-17 supervising the construction and installation of diesel engines in the oiler Maumee (AO-2) and serving as her Chief Engineer.
After promotion to Lieutenant Commander, Nimitz returned to the Submarine Force. Following a year as Executive Officer of the battleship South Carolina (BB-26), in 1920 he went to Pearl Harbor to build the submarine base there. Next assigned to the Naval War College, his studies of a possible Pacific Ocean war's logistics would become extremely relevant two decades later. In 1923, Commander Nimitz became aide to Commander Battle Force and later to Commander in Chief, U.S. Fleet. Later in the decade, he established the NROTC unit at the University of California at Berkeley. In 1929, now holding the rank of Captain, he began two years as Commander, Submarine Division 20, followed by two more years in charge of reserve destroyers at San Diego, California. He then took the heavy cruiser Augusta (CA-31) to the Orient, where, under his command, she was flagship of the Asiatic Fleet in 1933-35. Three years' duty at the Bureau of Navigation in Washington, D.C., ended in 1938 with his promotion to Rear Admiral.
As a flag officer, Nimitz commanded Cruiser Division Two and Battleship Division One until he became Chief of the Bureau of Navigation in June 1939. He held that post during the difficult years leading up to U.S. entry into World War II. In the wake of the destructive 7 December 1941 Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Nimitz was ordered to take over the Pacific Fleet. With the rank of Admiral, and Fleet Admiral after December 1944, he commanded American forces during their long advance across the Pacific to full victory in August 1945.
Fleet Admiral Nimitz became Chief of Naval Operations in December 1945. On his watch, the Navy endured a massive postwar downsizing and began to find its place in the peacetime national defense establishment. He left office in December 1947, taking residence in California. As a Fleet Admiral, he technically remained on active duty, and in 1949-52, served at the United Nations. Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz died at his home on Yerba Buena Island, California, on 20 February 1966.
The aircraft carrier USS Nimitz (CVN-68), 1975-____, is named in honor of Fleet Admiral Nimitz.


Rear Admiral Husband Edward Kimmel, USN, (1882-1968)

Husband E. Kimmel was born in Henderson, Kentucky, on 26 February 1882 and graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1904. Before reaching flag rank, he served in several battleships, commanded two destroyer divisions, a destroyer squadron and USS New York (BB-34). He also held a number of important positions on flag staffs and in the Navy Department, and completed the senior course at the Naval War College.
After promotion to Rear Admiral in 1937, he commanded Cruiser Division Seven on a diplomatic cruise to South America and then became Commander Cruisers, Battle Force in 1939. In February 1941 he became Commander in Chief, U.S. Fleet and Pacific Fleet, with the temporary rank of Admiral. Operating from the advanced base at Pearl Harbor, Kimmel led his fleet during the months of vigorous training that preceded the outbreak of the Pacific War. Relieved of his fleet command in mid-December 1941, following the the Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, Kimmel reverted to the rank of Rear Admiral and retired in March 1942. Rear Admiral Kimmel died at Groton, Connecticut, on 14 May 1968.
video of kimmel speaking about pearl harbor
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AoafS24TKOg


Martin

Frederick LeRoy, Major-General
(1882 – 1954) (USAAF)

1926
- 1927
Commanding Officer of Bolling Field, D.C.

1927
- 1930
Chief of the Inspection Division, Office of the Chief of the Air Corps, Washington, D.C.

1930
- 1931
Commandant of the Air Corps Advanced Flying School and Commanding Officer of Kelly Field, Texas

1931
- 1934
Commandant of the Air Corps Primary Flying School and Commanding Officer of Randolph Field, Texas

1934
Executive Officer, Air Corps Material Division, Wright Field, Ohio

1934
- 1935
Student at the Army War College, Washington Barracks, D.C.

1935
- 1937
Commanding Officer, later Commanding General of Wright Field, Ohio

1937
- 1940
Commanding General of the 3d Wing, General Headquarters Air Force, Barksdale Field, Louisiana

1940
- 1941
Commanding General of the Hawaiian Air Force, Fort Shafter, Hawaii; from 12.07.1941, Hickam Field, Hawaii

1942
Commanding General of the Second Air Force, Fort George Wright, Washington

1942
- 1944
Commanding General of the 2d District, U.S. Army Air Forces Central Technical Training Command, St. Louis, Missouri

1944
Retired (disability in line of duty)

Lt. Gen. Delos C. Emmons commanded the US Army, Pacific from December 1941 to September 1943. He was commissioned into the Infantry but retired as part of the Army Air Corps in 1948. Emmons graduated from the US Military Academy in 1909. His military education included the US Army air service course that he took at Harvard from 1920-1921. He gained his Doctorate of Science from Marshall College.

A major command for Emmons was the Air Force Combat Command in Washington, DC before becoming commander in Hawaii. After that he commanded the Alaskan Department from 1944-1946. Another duty assignment for Emmons was commandant of the Armed Forces Staff College in 1946.

Gen. Emmons received the Distinguished Service Medal, the Legion of Merit, the Air Medal, and several foreign decorations. He died on 3 October 1965.

Lieutenant General Walter Campbell Short was the appointed to command Army operations and bases at Hawaii in Feb 1941. By the end of that year, Vice Admiral Chuichi Nagumo would strike Pearl Harbor and end Short's 40-year military career.


Short was the assistant chief of staff to the Third Army during WW1. Between WW1 and the outbreak of WW2, he held a number of assignments of high importance, leading to his appointment at Hawaiian Department, the largest overseas Army department. While being an extremely efficient commander in terms of preparing his troops for war, Short himself was criticized in never preparing himself for an actual attack on Hawaii by the Japanese even though he was well aware of the threat (as shown by his decision to park his planes closely together to guard against possible Japanese saboteurs, which proved to be disastrous when the raid took place). After the Pearl Harbor attack, he was relieved of command by Washington on 17 Dec. His Quarter 5 residence, traditionally the commanding general's residence on Palm Circle, was occupied next by Lieutenant General Delos Emmons. Along with his Navy counterpart Husband Kimmel, Short was one of the principle scapegoats for the American unpreparedness for such an attack by the Japanese. Subsequent investigations, he was found to be guilty of errors of judgement and dereliction of duty. It was not until after his death before the United States Senate cleared his name (25 May 1999), although the Department of Defense continue to place the blame of the Pearl Harbor disaster on Short and Kimmel. "(Short and Kimmel) were denied vital intelligence that was available in Washington", said Senator William Roth, Jr., noting that they had been made into scapegoats in 1941 to lift blame from other high ranking officers. The attack on Pearl Harbor faced nine investigations, the national attention was clearly unjustly weighted on this single event when, for example, the same unpreparedness for Japanese aggression was equally as great at the Philippines. When President Roosevelt ordered Supreme Court Justice Owen Roberts to head up the investigative commission, which was appropriately named the Robers Commission, many argue that Roosevelt had much political motivation in mind. By charging Short and Kimmel with failure to defend the important American military bases at Hawaii, Roosevelt paved himself a path to take military action against Japanese aggression that he had long wished to intervene, and cleared himself of any faults of his own for his re-election campaign in 1944.
After being removed from command, Short retired from the Army and worked for Ford Motor Company. He passed away in 1949.