scrapbook 1 (ww2)

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the daily scrap book (ww2 book 1 )
most of you know that i am a collector of military stuffs and in my travles i came across a pair of scrap books from the ww2 era. the books are not laid out well but they have some great pics and lots of info and id like to share it with you all . its gonna take time and do to half articles and some are just pics ill have to add info at times (ill do my best on additional info ) . there is good news and bad news about this thread first the bad . unfortunately in order for me to keep track of it and keep it clean , neat and easy to read . the good news there are almost 100 pages of clippings per book, so it will go on for a while . one last thing although the title might say daily i might miss a day or two so thank you in advance for your patience .
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the books
http://i.imgur.com/9m6Wv.jpg

page 1&2
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page 1
winston churchill meeting franklin roosevelt
http://i.imgur.com/1RRmC.jpg
A close friendship and the excellent working relations that developed between U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill were crucial in the establishment of a unified effort to deal with the Axis powers. This working relationship was highlighted by many joint appearances and agreements that not only addressed the immediate needs of the Allies but also the planning for a successful peace following victory.
In late December 1941, shortly after entry of the United States into World War II, Churchill met in Washington, D.C., with Roosevelt in what became known as the First Washington Conference, code name "Arcadia." The conference placed first priority on the Atlantic theater and the defeat of Germany and Italy. On December 24, 1941, Roosevelt and Churchill delivered Christmas greetings to the nation and the world from the South Portico of the White House during the lighting of the National Community Christmas Tree. FDR closed his short message with the following passage, "And so I am asking my associate, [and] my old and good friend, to say a word to the people of America, old and young, tonight, -- Winston Churchill, Prime Minister of Great Britain." These words clearly describe the relationship that these two leaders of the "Free World" had struck.
FDR had begun the long-term correspondence that developed into a close working friendship with Winston Churchill in early 1940 while Churchill was still first lord of the admiralty. The initial interaction was to encourage a neutral America to take a more active anti-Axis role.
FDR facts
1.) Did you know that F.D. Roosevelt was the first president to speak on television? 2.) F.D. Roosevelt was one of the eight presidents that died while in office.
3.) He was the first president to have a presidential aircraft.
4.) He was in office longer than any other president.
5.) He was the first president whose mother was allowed to vote for him.

Churchill, the ‘British Bulldog’ – and symbol of all things British – is in fact half-American. Churchill’s English roots are undisputed; indeed, his paternal ancestry, courtesy of his father Lord Randolph Churchill, can be traced back to the illustrious Dukes of Marlborough. However, his American heritage is equally impressive. His mother, Jennie Jerome, was the daughter of the American millionaire Leonard Jerome.
As The Times has noted, his paternal grandmother was a relative of George Washington. According to one source, his family tree can be linked to George Herbert Walker Bush and son. Further cementing his American ties, Churchill was the first individual ever to be acknowledged as an Honorary Citizen of the United States.
Incidentally, the Churchill family motto is Fiel Pero Desdichado, meaning ‘Faithful but unfortunate’. Whilst seemingly an unusual choice of mantra, Winston appears to have bucked the trend of misfortune.
page 2
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https://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&view=js&name=main,tlist&ver=TXB4hKXyppc.en.&am=%21Nq7FLk6rFVf7RX3btczfSgM-snXMqib8Sus-UE-cvyC-Fx0qo5-UnsUPO6_keKM1xg
Painted in 1942 by Deane Keller
Colin Kelly Jr. became a hero when America needed one the most The Story of Colin Kelly Jr.

Madison’s World War II Hero Is the Stuff of Legend

By Jason Dehart
It was too big a target to pass up.
Madison native and U.S. Army Air Corps Capt. Colin P. Kelly Jr. looked down from 22,000 feet and spied the Japanese warships hammering the northern coast of Luzon, the largest island in the Philippines. In the middle of the heavily armed invasion flotilla sat a large turreted gunship – which looked like a nice, fat battleship.
It was Dec. 10, 1941. Just three days after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the 29-year-old West Point graduate and B-17 bomber pilot was about to make history with the 19th Bomb Group, which had been stationed in the Philippines since September.
In the deadly action to follow, Kelly – one of the most respected B-17 pilots in his unit – would bomb that warship and sacrifice himself to save his crew. He became America’s first hero of World War II in the process – but history has a funny way of turning heroes into legends, thanks to the fog of war.


Just When America Needed a Hero . . . .

It was a dark day for America. The Japanese military was attacking everything within reach in the Pacific, eager to increase their nation’s dominance in the region.
Just hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Japanese planes strafed Clark Field on the island of Luzon. Nineteen American B-17s – big, four-engine long-range bombers – were stationed there, and another group was sequestered out of range at an airstrip on the southern island of Mindanao.
Prewar standing orders stated that in the event hostilities broke out between Japan and the United States, B-17s from the 19th Bomb Group were to immediately attack Japanese fighter bases on the island of Formosa (modern-day Taiwan).
But on Dec. 8, 1941, when news reached the Philippines of the attack on Pearl Harbor, the orders – for some reason – were not immediately carried out. One historical account says the bombers were assigned reconnaissance missions around Luzon. When the order finally came to attack Formosa, the planes returned to Clark Field, only to be strafed by 200 or more Japanese fighters. All but one B-17 was destroyed. The planes at Mindanao were beyond the range of the Japanese planes and were safe – for the time being.
According to aviation writer Larry W. Bledsoe, seven B-17Cs – an early version of the B-17 – flew up the next day to an airstrip near Clark Field. The day after that, they drove over to the airfield and were in the process of being armed when air-raid sirens started blaring again.
Only three 600-pound bombs were loaded on Kelly’s B-17C before he was forced to take off, Bledsoe wrote in 2004 for the General Aviation News. Two other bombers took off as well. All three went in different directions to tackle different targets.
“Kelly had orders to seek out and bomb a carrier believed to be operating off the north coast of Luzon,” Bledsoe wrote. “Actually there was no aircraft carrier. The Americans believed there was one because Japanese Navy Zeros had participated in the previous day’s raid.”
Other historians say Kelly’s mission was to carry out the previous standing orders – to hit Formosa. However, whatever order he was following went out the window when his lone bomber came across that Japanese fleet shelling the coastal town of Aparri on Luzon.

The Legend Begins

Kelly and his crew were all alone, without fighter cover or other bombers to back him up. He was deep within enemy territory, hovering over a large, ship-borne Japanese invasion force. He only had three bombs and a limited self-defense capability. Japanese Zeros, deadly little enemy fighters manned by professional pilots who already were war veterans, were prowling nearby.
Despite having the deck stacked against him and his crew, Kelly made the command decision to ignore his standing orders and attack the nearest target of opportunity, which happened to be the largest warship in the flotilla below.
Wartime legend holds that in Kelly’s next dramatic move, he rammed his plane into the smokestack of the massive Japanese battleship Haruna, becoming at one time the war’s first suicide attack and its first Medal of Honor recipient.
In the confusion of those dark early days, the rumor of Kelly’s suicide mission spread widely in an America longing for a hero to emerge – and thus the legend was born.
“In the confusion of the early days of the Pacific war, Kelly was credited with sinking a Japanese battleship and with (being awarded the) the Medal of Honor. Overnight he became a national hero,” wrote John L. Frisbee, contributing editor to Air Force Magazine Online.
One person enraptured by the exaggerated version of Kelly’s actions was none other than Florida Gov. Spessard Holland, who, when informed of Kelly’s death, sent a gushing condolence telegram to Kelly’s folks in Madison:

I have just learned with the deepest regret of the heroic death of your son, Captain Colin P. Kelly, Jr., in an engagement with enemy forces while serving with the United States Army Air Corps in the Philippines. As Governor of Florida, I beg to extend my deep sympathy which I am sure is equally shared by all the people of our state. America today salutes the extraordinary courage and exceptional feat of valor of your son in the sinking of the Japanese battleship Haruna and in the destruction of two enemy aircraft. Although your son made the supreme sacrifice in the splendidly successful execution of his mission, it may be of comfort to know that his exemplary bravery and achievement will serve as an inspiration to every patriotic American and especially to the men who now defend our shores in the fight for freedom. His deed will endure indelibly inscribed on the pages of America’s history.

A few days later, Holland sent another telegram, this time to the editor of the Tampa Tribune, in which he encouraged the paper to set up a college fund for Kelly’s young son, Colin “Corky” Kelly III:

In one of the first engagements of the Japanese War, Captain Colin P. Kelly, Jr., of Madison, Florida, serving with the United States Army Air Corps in the Philippines distinguished himself by an exceptional feat of courage and military daring. As the pilot of an army bombing plane he flew through a barrage of anti-aircraft fire to score three direct hits at close range on the enemy battleship Haruna, sending her to the bottom. His singular achievement will ever be remembered and stands as an inspiration to every patriotic American. The people of Florida are justifiably proud of the valiant action of one of their sons. In carrying out his mission, Capatin (sic) Kelly made the supreme sacrifice for his country.

Truth, the First Casualty of War

Gov. Holland’s version of Kelly’s sacrifice is a little different from what actually happened, according to Frisbee.
“It later was determined that Kelly and his crew did not sink a battleship, nor was he awarded the Medal of Honor, although some still believe both,” Frisbee wrote. “In fact, Colin Kelly was recommended for the Medal of Honor by Maj. Gen. Lewis H. Brereton, commander of the U.S. Far East Air Forces. The award he received was the Distinguished Service Cross, on the orders of Gen. Douglas MacArthur’s headquarters.”
Patriotic fervor may have played loose with the facts, but there is no doubt that Kelly died heroically that fateful day.
Here’s what really happened, based on wartime interviews with surviving crew members:
At 22,000 feet, Kelly circled the armada and singled out the largest warship he could find – which later turned out to be the heavy cruiser Ashigara and not the battleship Haruna, as was initially reported by authorities. Kelly’s bombardier carefully lined up the ship and at 20,000 feet dropped all three bombs. At least one of them hit the target, because explosions were seen on the deck.
While hit, the Ashigara wasn’t sunk. It went on to fight throughout most of the rest of the war before being sunk in June 1945.
“As best the crew could tell, two of the three bombs bracketed the ship with one direct hit,” Frisbee wrote. “Smoke prevented more accurate assessment. The B-17 then headed for Clark Field, its bomb bay empty.”
That’s when the real trouble started. Kelly’s plane started to draw lots of unwanted attention in the form of 10 Zeros that promptly gunned their engines and lined up behind the solitary American bomber.

Like a Sitting Duck

Unlike later versions of the famous B-17, Kelly’s “C” model didn’t have a tail gun – a fact the enemy was aware of and used to their advantage by attacking from behind. In their first attack, one crewman was killed and instrument panels were shot out, but the armored bomber kept flying until it finally caught fire.
“A second attack set the left wing ablaze. The fire spread rapidly into the fuselage, filling the flight deck with smoke,” Frisbee wrote.
It was time to bail. Kelly shouted the order,
and as he struggled with the controls, his crew jumped out one by one through various escape hatches. The fire now engulfed the nose. Just as Kelly’s co-pilot, 2nd Lt. Donald Robins, started to jump, the plane exploded, blowing Robins clear – but Kelly was killed. The wreckage tumbled from the sky, and Kelly’s body later was found inside, just five miles from Clark Field.
Over time, the real facts of the matter became legendary, too.
“The early report of his heroism, which inspired a nation in shock, is in no way diminished by the actual events of that December day in 1941,” wrote Frisbee. “Alone and far from friendly territory, he attacked and damaged a heavily armed ship, then sacrificed his own life to save his crew.”

Epilogue

Not surprisingly, Kelly’s actions have been memorialized in many ways.
In San Francisco, Japan Street was renamed in his honor. Closer to home, the “Four Freedoms” monument, located in downtown Madison, was dedicated to his memory in 1944. In 2000, an act of Congress renamed the Madison post office the “Capt. Colin P. Kelly, Jr. Post Office.” Kelly’s legend also lives on in aviation paintings, thanks to artists such as Stan Stokes, Robert Taylor and Gil Cohen. There even is a model airplane kit of his B-17C.
But perhaps the greatest memorial lives on today in Kelly’s son, Colin P. “Corky” Kelly III, who now is a rector at Trinity on the Hill Episcopal Church in Los Alamos, N.M.
Corky Kelly was only 3 years old when his father was killed – an event that would literally shape his life. When President Franklin D. Roosevelt learned of Colin Kelly’s death, he was so moved that he wrote a letter addressed to the future president of the United States and asked the future commander-in-chief to appoint Corky (who would then be 18) to West Point.
Fifteen years or so later, President Dwight D. Eisenhower would make good on his predecessor’s request. Colin P. Kelly III attended West Point, graduated, served the Army in Germany and Fort Riley, Kan., attended divinity school, returned to the Army, became an assistant chaplain at West Point, and retired to his current position in New Mexico. He has been there for about 20 years.
Today, Roosevelt’s letter to the future is in the Dwight D. Eisenhower Library in Abilene, Kan
https://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&view=js&name=main,tlist&ver=TXB4hKXyppc.en.&am=%21Nq7FLk6rFVf7RX3btczfSgM-snXMqib8Sus-UE-cvyC-Fx0qo5-UnsUPO6_keKM1xg

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page 3&4
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page 3
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listen to the Christmas speech here
http://www.winstonchurchill.org/learn/in-the-media/churchill-in-the-news/1340-franklin-d-roosevelts-and-winston-churchill-speak-at-the-white-house-tree-lighting-1941-listen

page 4
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In the 1940 presidental election campaign Roosevelt promised to keep America out of the war. He stated, "I have said this before, but I shall say it again and again and again; your boys are not going to be sent into any foreign wars." Nevertheless, FDR wanted to support Britain and believed the United States should serve as a "great arsenal of democracy." Churchill pleaded "Give us the tools and we'll finish the job." In January 1941, following up on his campaign pledge and the prime minister's appeal for arms, Roosevelt proposed to Congress a new military aid bill.
The plan was to "lend-lease or otherwise dispose of arms" and other supplies needed by any country whose security was vital to the defense of the United States. This Lend-Lease Act, proposed by FDR in January 1941 and passed by Congress in March, went a long way toward solving the concerns of both Great Britain's desperate need for supplies and America's desire to appear neutral. Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson told the Senate Foreign Relations Committee during the debate over lend-lease, "We are buying . . . not lending. We are buying our own security while we prepare. By our delay during the past six years, while Germany was preparing, we find ourselves unprepared and unarmed, facing a thoroughly prepared and armed potential enemy."
In August 1941, Roosevelt and Churchill met for the first of nine face-to-face conferences during the war. The four-day meeting aboard a ship anchored off the coast of Newfoundland at Argentia Bay was devoted to an agreement on war aims and a vision for the future. The document created at this meeting was the The Atlantic Charter, an agreement on war aims between besieged Great Britain and the neutral United States. The charter set forth the concepts of self-determination, end to colonialism, freedom of the seas, and the improvement of living and working conditions for all people. Many of the ideas were similar to those proposed by Wilson's Fourteen Points, but not accepted by our allies at the Versailles Conference at the close of World War I.
From 1941 when they first met until FDR's death in 1945, Roosevelt and Churchill sustained a close personal and professional relationship. Playwright Robert Sherwood later wrote, "It would be an exaggeration to say that Roosevelt and Churchill became chums at this conference. . . . They established an easy intimacy, a joking informality and moratorium on pomposity and cant, -- and also a degree of frankness in intercourse which, if not quite complete, was remarkably close to it." Roosevelt cabled Churchill after the meeting, "It is fun to be in the same decade with you." Churchill later wrote, "I felt I was in contact with a very great man who was also a warm-hearted friend and the foremost champion of the high causes which we served."
Two of the documents featured in this lesson, the typewritten drafts of Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Winston Churchill's Christmas Eve greeting from the White House in Washington, D.C., on December 24, 1941, and the remarks of the president and Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands are housed at the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library in Hyde Park, NY.

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page 4&5
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page 4
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did a little digging and found a few posters with jerry on them
http://i.imgur.com/N4NIl.jpg
http://i.imgur.com/Jiw6z.jpg
did you know ?
1940 -- US Congress passes Bald Eagle Preservation Act.
page 5
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its a little hard to see but its the bill of rights

Congress of the United States
begun and held at the City of New-York, on
Wednesday the fourth of March, one thousand seven hundred and eighty nine.
THE Conventions of a number of the States, having at the time of their adopting the Constitution, expressed a desire, in order to prevent misconstruction or abuse of its powers, that further declaratory and restrictive clauses should be added: And as extending the ground of public confidence in the Government, will best ensure the beneficent ends of its institution.
RESOLVED by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America, in Congress assembled, two thirds of both Houses concurring, that the following Articles be proposed to the Legislatures of the several States, as amendments to the Constitution of the United States, all, or any of which Articles, when ratified by three fourths of the said Legislatures, to be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of the said Constitution; viz.
ARTICLES in addition to, and Amendment of the Constitution of the United States of America, proposed by Congress, and ratified by the Legislatures of the several States, pursuant to the fifth Article of the original Constitution.
Note: The following text is a transcription of the first ten amendments to the Constitution in their original form. These amendments were ratified December 15, 1791, and form what is known as the "Bill of Rights."
Amendment I
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.
Amendment II
A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.
Amendment III
No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.
Amendment IV
The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.
Amendment V
No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.
Amendment VI
In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence.
Amendment VII
In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.
Amendment VIII
Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.
Amendment IX
The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.
Amendment X
The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.

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pages 6&7
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page 6 (clipping 1)
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War came unexpectedly to the Philippines. Japan opened a surprise attack on the Philippines on December 8, 1941, when Japan attacked without warning, just ten hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor. Japanese troops attacked the islands in many places and launched a pincer drive on Manila. Aerial bombardment was followed by landings of ground troops in Luzon. The defending Philippine and United States troops were under the command of General Douglas MacArthur. Under the pressure of superior numbers, the defending forces (about 80,000 troops, four fifths of them Filipinos) withdrew to the Bataan Peninsula and to the island of Corregidor at the entrance to Manila Bay where they entrenched and tried to hold until the arrival of reinforcements, meanwhile guarding the entrance to Manila Bay and denying that important harbor to the Japanese. But no reinforcements were forthcoming. Manila, declared an open city to stop its destruction, was occupied by the Japanese on January 2, 1942. The Philippine defense continued until the final surrender of United States-Philippine forces on the Bataan Peninsula in April 1942 and on Corregidor in May. Most of the 80,000 prisoners of war captured by the Japanese at Bataan were forced to undertake the notorious Bataan Death March to a prison camp 105 kilometers to the north. It is estimated that as many as 10,000 men died before reaching their destination.
(clipping 2 )
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no more info on mary jones or her father w.p.


page 7
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The following is a list of how many people were killed on Dec. 7, 1941 as a result of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.

US Navy: 2,008 KIA
USMC: 109 KIA
US Army: 218 KIA
Civilians: 68


Total: 2,403

Close to 2/3 of those who died occurred in the first 15 minutes of the battle when the Oklahoma, Utah and the Arizona were bombed.

In addition, 55 Japanese died, in addition to an unknown number of Japanese wounded. The US had 1,178 personnel wounded.

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pages 8&9
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page 8
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The construction of the USS Arizona (BB-39), named for the 48th state in the Union, began on March 16, 1914, when the keel was laid. After a year of intense labor, it was launched on June 19, 1915, as the second and last of the Pennsylvania class battleships.

The launching was a grand affair, and Esther Ross, daughter of an influential pioneer citizen in Prescott, Arizona, was selected to christen the ship. The battleship's commissioning took place on October 16, 1916, under the command of Captain John D. McDonald.

http://www.pastfoundation.org/Arizona/images/h94785AZEastRiverc1916.jpg
The newly-commissioned USS Arizona in the East River, New York City, c. 1916. U.S. Naval Historical Center photo NH94785.

The dimensions of the ship were quite impressive for the time. Its overall length was 608 feet (two American football fields long) with a beam of 97 feet 1 inch. It displaced 31,400 tons with a mean draft of 28 feet 10 inches. Arizona's four shafts were driven by four paired Parsons turbines and 12 Babcock and Wilcox boilers that developed 33,375 horsepower, enabling a top speed of 21 knots. The designed complement was 55 officers and 860 men. Arizona was well-armed for ships of its period. The original armament consisted of 12 14-inch 45-caliber guns; 22 5-inch 51-caliber guns; four 3-inch 50-caliber guns; and two 21-inch submerged torpedo tubes. It was protected by 18 inches of armor at its maximum thickness. Arizona and its sister ship Pennsylvania represented a modest improvement of the previous Nevada-class battleships: "length and displacement were somewhat increased and two additional 14-inch guns were shipped, the main armament now being arranged in four triple turrets. . . ." The significant change was concentrated in the firepower of the vessel: Arizona's four turrets (labeled No. 1, 2, 3 and 4) each mounted three 14-inch naval guns.

On Nov. 16, 1916, Arizona departed on its shakedown cruise and training off the Virginia Capes, Newport and Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. Two months later it returned to Norfolk, Virginia to conduct test-firing of its guns and torpedo-defense exercises. On December 24 it entered the New York Naval Shipyard for a post shakedown overhaul, completed by April 3, 1917.

USS Arizona's configuration had changed very little since its 1931 modernization. However, in April 1939 and January 1941 alterations had been done to ready the vessel for war. For the most part, these modifications involved adding additional defenses against the aircraft that would clearly be a serious threat in the event of war.
http://www.pastfoundation.org/Arizona/images/AZProfile.jpg
USS Arizona as it appeared on December 7, 1941, in "Measure 1" camouflage. Some of the battleships at Pearl Harbor (e.g., Nevada) were also painted with Measure 5, a false bow wave (inset). This was intended to confuse observers as to the ship's actual speed and interfere with their aiming calculations.
Arizona was painted in a two-tone gray paint scheme commonly referred to as Measure 1, consisting of an ocean gray (dark) on all hull and superstructure masses. Haze gray (light) was applied to the masts, yards and towers above the level of the superstructure masses. This paint scheme was meant to break up the general outline of the ship at a distance. The hull and superstructure were meant to blend with the sea, the upper works with the sky. It obviously had no value to vessels in port. A majority of the Pacific Fleet was painted in that manner.
Battle Damage

At the time of the attack, Arizona was moored at berth F-7, with the repair ship Vestal moored alongside. The vessel suffered hits from several bombs and was strafed and then about 8:10 a.m. the battleship took a death blow. Petty Officer Noburo Kanai, in a high-altitude bomber, had earned the title of crack bombardier while training for the mission. Kanai was credited with dropping the bomb that blew up Arizona. The 1,760-lb. projectile hurtled through the air, reportedly striking near turret No. 2 and penetrating deep into the battleship's innards before exploding near the forward magazine. In a tremendous blast, Arizona blew up. In an instant, most of the men aboard were killed, including Rear Admiral Isaac C. Kidd and Capt. Franklin Van Valkenburgh, both posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor. The blast from Arizona blew men off the decks of surrounding ships and threw tons of debris, including parts of bodies, all over the harbor. Survivors of the attack also claimed that Arizona was hit by one or possibly two torpedoes. Abandoned at 10:32 a.m., the ship's burning superstructure and canted masts loomed through the smoke that blanketed the harbor.
http://www.pastfoundation.org/Arizona/images/800kgBombRender03.jpg The Japanese bomb that destroyed USS Arizona was an 800kg (1,760lbs) armor-piercing bomb dropped from a high-altitude bomber. Almost eight feet in length, the bomb carried only about 50 lbs of explosive, but that was enough to detonate Arizona's forward ammunition magazines. Postwar analysis suggests that Arizona was hit by four of these weapons, but -- contrary to initial reports made immediately after the attack -- there is no evidence the ship was struck by a torpedo. Image by Andy Hall. Salvage
http://www.pastfoundation.org/Arizona/images/h83993AZWreckFeb171942.jpg
Salvage work continues on USS Arizona in February 1942. The foremast of the ship collapsed in the magazine explosion and subsequent fire, crushing the ship's bridge below it. At right center is the ship's armored conning tower, from which Arizona would have been steered in action. U.S. Naval Historical Center photo NH83993A.

Of all the ships lost or damaged at Pearl Harbor, USS Arizona offered the most pathetic sight. It quickly became clear that the ship could not be salvaged. The Navy decided that the Army would receive gun turrets No. 3 and 4 for use as coastal defense guns. Two sites were selected: one at Mokapu Head (Kaneohe) known as Battery Pennsylvania and the second at an area known today as Electric Hill (HEI generating plant) on the western shore of Oahu, up the slopes of the Wianae Mountains. Only Battery Pennsylvania was completed. A test firing took place four days before the surrender of Japan.

Despite the work done to remove all useful materials from Arizona, it was apparent the ship itself was lost. On December 1, 1942, the vessel was struck from the Navy List, the official roster of commissioned ships.

One question still haunts visitors to the Arizona Memorial even to this day. Why were the dead not removed? Initially, about 105 bodies were removed but because the ship was never raised, the remainder could not. The priority at that time was salvage of ships that could be repaired, and Arizona was not in that category. As a result, the bodies deteriorated to the point of not being identifiable. Even as late as 1947, requests were made in regard to removal of the dead, but rejected. They are considered buried at sea by the U.S. Navy.
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page 9

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ARK ROYAL Class Fleet Aircraft Carrier ordered from Cammell Laird of Birkenhead under the 1934 estimates. The ship was launched on 13th April 1937 as the third RN warship to carry the name, which dates from 1587 and has a direct association with naval aviation extending over several generations. She was completed in November 1938 and saw extensive and illustrious service during WW2 before her loss three years later.

1 9 3 9

September
3rd Deployed with Home Fleet in NW Approaches and North Sea patrols.
14th Under attack by U39 which failed.
26th Provided air cover for Home Fleet units in Heligoland Bight during recovery of
damaged submarine HMS SPEARFISH. Under air attack for first time.

October Deployed at Freetown with Force K with HM Battlecruiser RENOWN in search for
commerce raiders between African coast and Brazilian waters.
9th Aircraft sighted German supply tanker ALTMARK but were deceived into believing
her to be the US tanker DELMAR.

November
5th Intercepted and captured German ss UHENFELS which was later used by Britain as
cargo ship. Aircraft searches also resulted in interceptions by other ships.

December Diverted to join British ships at Montevideo waiting for German battleship GRAF
SPEE to leave port. Called at Rio de Janeiro for fuel.



1 9 4 0

January Atlantic deployment with Group in continuation.
to Covered part of return passage from Falklands to Devonport of damaged cruiser
February HMS EXETER.

March Transferred to Mediterranean for joint work-up and flying exercises with the
aircraft carrier HMS GLORIOUS. Took passage to Malta.
31st Sailed for Alexandria with HMS GLORIOUS.

April
8th Commenced work-up with HMS GLORIOUS in Eastern Mediterranean.
Training programme cancelled.
9th Passage to Gibraltar with HMS GLORIOUS.
(See CARRIER GLORIOUS by J Winton).
16th Transferred to Home Fleet and took passage to Scapa Flow.
23rd Sailed for Norway with HMS GLORIOUS escorted by HM Cruisers BERWICK and CURLEW
screened by HM Destroyers HYPERION, HEREWARD, HASTY, FEARLESS, FURY and JUNO.
(Operation DX - This was the first use by the RN of a Task Force including an
an aircraft carrier with the prime purpose of providing fighter protection for
warships, offensive strikes against shipping and shore targets as well as anti-
submarine patrols).
25th Commenced anti-submarine patrols and provided Combat Air Patrol (CAP) for the
defence of Fleet units.
27th Passage to Scapa Flow refuel and embarked aircraft.
29th Returned to Norway escorted by HM Battleship VALIANT.
30th Covered evacuation from Andalsnes and Molde.

May Norwegian coast deployment in continuation.
13th Covered bombardment at Narvik by Fleet units and a landing by French troops.
18th Supported military operations with HM Aircraft Carriers GLORIOUS and FURIOUS.
(Note: This was the first time more than two aircraft carriers had operated as
one unit since the outbreak of war).

June Deployed in support of evacuation of allied Expeditionary Force (Operation ALPHABET).
1st Sailed from Scapa Flow with HMS GLORIOUS screened by HM Destroyers HIGHLANDER,
DIANA, ACASTA, ARDENT and ACHERON.
2nd ALPHABET commenced.
3rd Carried out patrols and bombing operations when weather permitted until 6th.
7th Deployed at Narvik to cover evacuation.
9th Provided air cover for last evacuation convoy to UK.
Aircraft searched for German battleships SCHARNHORST and GNEISENAU which were
reported at sea.
(These ships sank HMS GLORIOUS - See above reference)
11th Unsuccessful bombing attack by SKUA aircraft on HIPPER at Trondheim. Eight SKUA
aircraft were lost.
14th Returned to Scapa Flow.
(For details of the disastrous naval operations off Norway see NARVIK by Donald
MacIntyre and ENGAGE THE ENEMY MORE CLOSELY by Corelli Barnett).
28th Transferred to Force H at Gibraltar on formation.

July
2nd Deployed with Force H to secure transfer, surrender or destruction of French
warships at Mers-el-Kebir and Oran (Operation CATAPULT).
Aircraft laid mines off Oran to deter any escape from port.
(For details see THE RELUCTANT ENEMIES by W Tute
7th Joined Force C in Force H for cover passage of military convoys.
8th Planned aircraft attacks on Cagliari not made in view of heavy air attacks made south of Minorca.
22nd Deployed with Force H to carry out attacks on shipping in Bay of Biscay.
25th Operation cancelled and returned to Gibraltar.
31st Covered aircraft delivery to Malta by HM Aircraft Carrier ARGUS with ships of
Force H including HM Battlecruiser HOOD and HM Cruiser ENTERPRISE.
(Operation HURRY).
(For details of operations in Mediterranean between 1940 and 1941 see The Naval
Staff Histories and THE BATTLE FOR THE MEDITERRANEAN by D MacIntyre).

August
2nd Detached to launched air attack on Cagliari as a diversion (Operation CRUSH).
30th Covered passage of reinforcements to Alexandria with Force B comprising HMS
ARK ROYAL, HM Battlecruiser RENOWN and HM Cruiser SHEFFIELD screened by ships
of the 8th Destroyer Flotilla (Operation HATS).

September
1st Launched attacks on Elmas and Cagliari in Sardinia as a diversion.
(Operations SMASH and GRAB)..

October Withdrawn for docking and took passage to Liverpool escorted by H M Destroyers FORTUNE,
FORESTER and GREYHOUND.
8th Routine docking at Liverpool.

November
3rd Passage from Scapa Flow with HM Battleship BARHAM, HM Cruisers BERWICK and
GLASGOW.
6th Resumed duties with Force H on arrival at Gibraltar.
7th Covered passage of reinforcement ships to Alexandria with HM Cruiser SHEFFIELD
and six destroyers as Force B (Operation COAT).
9th Launched air attacks on Elmas and Cagliari as a diversion. (Operation CRACK).
15th Covered aircraft delivery to Malta by HM Aircraft Carrier ARGUS with HM Cruiser
SHEFFIELD and HM Cruiser DESPATCH screened by Force H destroyers.
(Operation WHITE).
25th Covered Malta convoys and transfer of HM Cruisers SOUTHAMPTON and MANCHESTER
to Eastern Mediterranean with HMS RENOWN, HMS SHEFFIELD and HMS DESPATCH
screened by destroyers of Force H (Operation COLLAR).
27th Detached from Force H ships with HM Destroyers JAGUAR and KELVIN when Italian
battleships VITTORIO VENETO and GIULIO CESARE with cruisers and a destroyer
screen were sighted off Cape Spartivento. When enemy ships retired and were not brought to
action to ensure safe passage of convoy this decision was criticised but a subsequent Board of
Enquiry supported the local decision.
(For details see ENGAGE THE ENEMY MORE CLOSELY and Naval Staff History.

December.
14th Deployed with Force H in Atlantic off Azores in search for commerce raiders.
.20th Deployed for escort of HM Battleship MALAYA and merchants ships from Malta with Force
H (Operation HIDE).
27th Carried cut further search off the Azores with Force H which was restricted by
weather conditions.



1 9 4 1

January
7th Covered transit of HM cruiser BONAVENTURE, HM Destroyers JAGUAR and JUNO to join
Fleet in Eastern Mediterranean and passage of convoy to Malta and Piraeus with HMS RENOWN,
HM Battleship MALAYA, HMS SHEFFIELD and destroyer screen. (Operation EXCESS).

February
2nd Launched air attacks on Tirso Dam, Sardinia escorted by HMS RENOWN, HMS MALAYA
and HMS SHEFFIELD (Operation PICKET).
6th Cover bombardment of targets at Genoa by HMS RENOWN and HMS MALAYA.
(Operation GROG).
9th Launched air strikes on La Spezia oil refinery and air minelay in entrances to harbour.
12th Deployed with HMS SHEFFIELD to cover passage of Convoy SLS65 for Sierra Leone
after an attack by German cruiser HIPPER on earlier SL54.
17th Joined HMS RENOWN and destroyers to escort military Convoy WS6 to Middle East.
21st Relieved and returned to Gibraltar

March
8th Deployed with HMS RENOWN, HMS SHEFFIELD and HM Cruiser ARETHUSA to join ships
of Home Fleet in patrol off Best to prevent German battleships SCHARNHORST and GNEISENAU from
entering harbour.
10th Detached with HMS RENOWN to join HMS MALAYA, HM Destroyer FAULKNOR and HM
Destroyer FORESTER as escort for Convoy SL67
19th Detached on relief and deployed in search for ships captured by SCHARNHORST and
on passage to Germany with prize crews. Two were later intercepted and scuttled
with one ship POLYKARP being retaken.
21st Aircraft sighted SCHARNHORST but further reports prevented by fog.
Resumed patrol off Brest.
24th Returned to Gibraltar to refuel.



April
2nd Carried out Malta aircraft delivery with HMS ARGUS escorted by HMS RENOWN and
HMS SHEFFIELD (Operation WINCH).
6th Deployed with HMS RENOWN and HMS SHEFFIELD in Atlantic to search for commerce raiders.
16th Returned to Gibraltar.
24th Joined HMS RENOWN and HMS SHEFFIELD with screen of destroyers from Force H to
cover passage of HM Cruisers DIDO, HM Cruiser ABDIEL and ships of 5th Destroyer
Flotilla (including HMS KELLY) to Eastern Mediterranean concurrent with a Malta
aircraft delivery (Operations DUNLOP and SALIENT).

May
6th Joined same Force H ships as DUNLOP to cover transit of major military convoy
taking tanks to Eighth Army and the passage of HM Battleship QUEEN ELIZABETH, HM
Cruisers NAIAD, FIJI, GLOUCESTER and 6 destroyers to join Fleet in the Eastern
Mediterranean (Operation TIGER).
12th Under air attack on return passage.
19th Aircraft delivery with HM Aircraft Carrier FURIOUS escorted by HMS RENOWN and
SHEFFIELD (Operation SPLICE).
23rd Deployed with HMS RENOWN, HMS SHEFFIELD and HM Destroyers FAULKNOR, FORESIGHT,
FORESTER, FORTUNE, FOXHOUND and FURY in search for German Battleship BISMARCK.
26th Aircraft sighted and shadowed BISMARCK. Inadvertent attack on HMS SHEFFIELD was
fortunately unsuccessful !
Later launched torpedo strikes which disabled steering and propellers of German
ship which enabling Fleet surface action (See BATTLESHIP BISMARCK by Mullenheim
Rechberg and The Naval Staff History for full details).
29th Returned to Gibraltar with Force H ships.

June
5th Carried out Malta aircraft delivery with HMS FURIOUS escorted by HMS RENOWN and
HMS SHEFFIELD (Operation ROCKET).
8th Deployed with HMS RENOWN and HMS SHEFFIELD to meet HM Cruiser HERMIONE and HM
Aircraft Carrier VICTORIOUS and escort them into Gibraltar.
13th Carried out Malta aircraft delivery with HMS VICTORIOUS escorted by RENOWN and
HMS HERMIONE (Operation TRACER).
27th Made two Malta aircraft deliveries to Malta with HMS VICTORIOUS escorted by HMS
RENOWN and HMS HERMIONE screened by destroyers (Operations RAILWAY I and II).

July
21st Covered passage of Malta convoy with Force H ships reinforced by HM Battleship
NELSON, HM Cruisers EDINBURGH, MANCHESTER and ARETHUSA screened by destroyers
of 4th Destroyer Flotilla, Home Fleet (Operation SUBSTANCE).
(See ENGAGE THE ENEMY MORE CLOSELY and THE BATTLE FOR THE MEDITERRANEAN)
29th Covered personnel convoy to Malta with HMS NELSON screen by ships of 4th and 8th
Destroyer Flotilla (Operation STYLE).

August Deployment with Force H in continuation.
21st Deployed with HMS NELSON and HMS HERMIONE screened by HM Destroyers NESTOR (RAN)
FORESTER, FORESIGHT, FURY and ENCOUNTER for multiple operation to cover minelay
by HM Minelaying Cruiser MANXMAN off La Spezia and to carry cut air strikes on
Tempia, Sardinia.

September
8th Carried out two aircraft delivery to Malta with FURIOUS covered by HMS NELSON
and Force H destroyers (Operation STATUS I and II).
24th Part of Force "A" with HM Battleships NELSON, RODNEY and PRINCE OF WALES with a
screen of 9 destroyers to cover passage of Malta convoy to Sicilian Narrows.
(Operation HALBERD - For details see above references).

October
16th Made aircraft delivery to Malta covered by HMS RODNEY and HMS HERMIONE.
(Operation CALLBOY).

November
10th Made aircraft delivery to Malta with HM Aircraft Carrier ARGUS covered by HMS
MALAYA, HMS HERMIONE and ships of 19th Destroyer Flotilla (Operation PERPETUAL).
13th During return passage to Gibraltar hit by torpedoed fired by U81, 150 miles east
of Gibraltar. Took on heavy list and lost all power. HM Destroyers LAFOREY and
LEGION stood by stricken ship and Crew were taken off. After ship was taken in
tow by tugs from Gibraltar some personnel rejoined but were unable to control flooding or
extinguish fires.
14th Ship sank after list slowly increased. The loss of this efficient and effective
ship severely weakened Fleet resources in the Mediterranean.
Casualty Lists were published on 17th and 20th November 1941.
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pages 10&11
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page 10 (clipping 1)
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On December 7, 1941, the Harbor Defenses of San Francisco Bay comprised a mixture of modern batteries as typified by Batteries Davis and Townsley; aging--but still potent--coast artillery emplacements constructed at the turn-of-the-century; mobile tractor drawn field artillery and antiaircraft guns; and the underwater minefields that still protected the shipping channels. Manning these defenses were an assemblage of "old army" regulars from the Sixth Coast Artillery Regiment, newly-formed units such as the 18th, 54th and 56th Coast Artillery Regiments, and National Guard Regiments from as far away as Minnesota and Texas. When news reached San Francisco of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, all off-duty personnel were recalled to their units and the harbor defenses put on full alert. Soldiers moved out of their barracks and into the batteries, and began filling sandbags, stringing barbed wire and constructing beach defenses at a fevered pace. Up and down the coast, observers in tiny concrete observation posts scanned the horizon for the approach of a Japanese fleet that would never come.

As the days and weeks progressed, the initial fear of imminent invasion settled into a long-term commitment to defend the harbor by every means possible. Mobile antiaircraft guns, searchlights and radars were positioned on virtually every hill and knoll overlooking the Golden Gate. The U.S. Navy stretched an antisubmarine net across the inner harbor extending from the Marina in San Francisco to Sausalito in Marin, and stationed a navy tugboat to open and close the net to allow friendly shipping to pass. Soldiers assigned to the fortifications and observation stations constructed extensive earthwork trenches on the hillsides near their batteries, and in some cases tunneled into hillsides to construct unauthorized but comfortable underground quarters. Everywhere, camouflage paint was daubed on concrete batteries and wood barracks, and acres of camouflage nets were stretched over fortifications to obscure their presence from high flying enemy planes. Overhead, navy blimps armed with depth charges patrolled offshore waters searching for Japanese submarines but only attacked the occasional unfortunate whale.
page 10 (clipping 2)
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US Declaration of War against Germany

December 11, 1941
The President's Message

To the Congress of the United States:
On the morning of Dec. 11 the Government of Germany, pursuing its course of world conquest, declared war against the United States. The long-known and the long-expected has thus taken place. The forces endeavoring to enslave the entire world now are moving toward this hemisphere. Never before has there been a greater challenge to life, liberty and civilization. Delay invites great danger. Rapid and united effort by all of the peoples of the world who are determined to remain free will insure a world victory of the forces of justice and of righteousness over the forces of savagery and of barbarism. Italy also has declared war against the United States.
I therefore request the Congress to recognize a state of war between the United States and Germany, and between the United States and Italy.
Franklin D. Roosevelt
The War Resolution

Declaring that a state of war exists between the Government of Germany and the government and the people of the United States and making provision to prosecute the same.
Whereas the Government of Germany has formally declared war against the government and the people of the United States of America:
Therefore, be it Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, that the state of war between the United States and the Government of Germany which has thus been thrust upon the United States is hereby formally declared; and the President is hereby authorized and directed to employ the entire naval and military forces of the government to carry on war against the Government of Germany; and to bring the conflict to a successful termination, all of the resources of the country are hereby pledged by the Congress of the United States

page 11
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The road to recovery for the Navy was immediate. The technology in this time, along with an abundance of fuel for machinery, made the rebuilding much easier. However, it would be months before the Navy was at full force. In fact, the Navy did not play a large role in the war until the Battle of Midway. The combination of ships, planes, luck, and surprise led to the fall of the Imperial Japanese Fleet. The crucial battle, the Battle of Midway, was a milestone for the American Navy. The bombing of Pearl Harbor gave all service men a desire to fight till the end in honor of the men and women who lost their lives on the Day of Infamy.

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pages 12&13
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page 12 (clipping 1)
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COAST ARTILLERY CORPS
The idea of coast defense is not a new one nor is it specifically an American idea. The idea of fortifying ports with artillery against Naval invaders goes back to the earliest of times when man first took to sea in ships to conquer other lands. The United States sought its own security against attack through its own fortification of its maritime ports. Fortifications were viewed as a way to avoid war and gave the American people a sense of security. This thinking had a strong influence on national defense policy making and construction of these fortifications was nearly a substitute for any other form of military policy. Fortifications were built throughout the coastline of America's shores and were defended by local militias. By the end of World War I many of the coast defense forts maintained by a small number of soldiers, and used as summer training camps for Army Reserve, National Guard, Reserve Officers Training Corps (ROTC), as well as the Civilian Military Training Corps (CMTC) units. New long-range 12-inch and 16-inch army ordnance for sea-coast armament was built during this period and supplemented by 16-inch naval guns made available as the result of naval reductions due to the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922. A number of new harbor defense construction plans were drawn up, but few new batteries were actually built during the this period due to fiscal constraints. The growing importance of aircraft as an offensive weapon resulted in the formation and training of specialized Coast Artillery Corps antiaircraft artillery units during this period. A number of antiaircraft guns were installed at all harbor defense reservations during WWI and years thereafter. When the Threat of another war loomed on the horizon the United States started rearming the American coastline with the long range 16-inch weapons.. A new construction program was authorized by Congress in September of 1940. The program planned for new defense at some 19 harbors along both coasts of North America. When America entered the war in December of 1941, a large number of mobile weapons were rushed to both coasts. A number of other "temporary" seacoast defenses were built using old naval weapons and relocated Army seacoast weapons. The seacoast defense construction program went into high gear in 1942, with priority for the sites along the Pacific coast. However, after the Battle of Midway in June of 1942, the possibility of a Japanese attack on the American mainland diminished. As a result the construction program was curtailed in 1944.Atthe end of World War II the Coast Artillery program was cancelled due to the improvement in amphibious landing tactics and the use of the air power had made fixed coastal defenses obsolete. During the 1950's the United States experimented with missile defense of its port facilities in key areas but even these were discontinued by the 1960's Today there is much talk about the Star Wars missile defense program, but it is in experimental development stage. But, who knows maybe someday the descendant of the Coast Artillery may still yet be defending the country against attack.


page 12 (clipping 2)
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What effect did the Blackout have on people's lives ? Thousands of people died in road accidents. The number of road accidents increased because of the lack of street lighting and the dimmed traffic lights. To help prevent accidents white stripes were painted on the roads and on lamp-posts. People were encouraged to walk facing the traffic and men were advised to leave their shirt-tails hanging out so that they could be seen by cars with dimmed headlights.
Other people were injured during the Blackout because they could not see in the darkness. Many people were injured tripping up, falling down steps, or bumping into things.

page 12 (clipping 3)
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During WWII, dogs were used by the military, as scouts, watch dogs, mascots, and to sniff out the hiding places of the enemy. There is no way to know how many human lives were saved by dogs, during WWII, but it is sure to number in the thousands.
Along with there ability to perform guard duty, sniff out the enemy, and other tasks, they provided countless soldiers much needed companionship, unconditional love, and a much needed diversion from the harsh realities of war. On this page are images of dogs taken during WWII.
Dogs have long been used during wars, and are still used today, by the U.S. military.

page 13
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Manda as an open city/'
Ever since the declaration Man- ila has been under almost con- stant air-raid alarms. Bombs yere dropped in the port area.
Clark Lee, American Associated Press correspondent In Manila, says that the masses of Japanese troops are poorly equipped with .25 calibre guns, and many of the troops are only 15 or 18 years old. Some of them wore poor quality khaki, others were dressed half in .uniform and half in civilian clothes.
Lee adds that they did not show hysterical exultation. They didn't even charge, but lifted their knees high in a sort of imitation goose
j step.
"They kept coming forward in pairs, one directly behind the other. They were coming on to die, and many of them did. When they were hit they threw up their hands and fell backwards as if accepting an inevitable fate."
Communique issued in Washing- ton says that the American de- fences in the Philippines have reorganised and strengthened.
Positions have been held in the I vicinity of Lingaken : Gulf. Re-
peated enemy assaults in this sec- |
tor have been successfully resis- ted. There has been brisk fight- ing on other fronts in Luzon Island.
In his proclamation declaring Manila an open city. General MacArthur says: "In order to spare the metropolitan area from possible ravages from either air or ground attack, Manila is here- by declared an open city without the characteristics of a military objective.
"In order that no excuse may be given for a possible mistake the American High Commissioner to the Commonwealth Government and all combatant military instal- lations will be withdrawn from the environs as rapidly as possible.
"The municipal government will continue to function with the po- lice powers reinforced by con- stabulary troops, so that the nor- mal protection of life and property may be preserved. Citizens are
TORPEDOED AMERICAN FREIGHTER Lehigh as she sank after being attacked by an unseen submarine 75 miles from Freetown, Sierra Leone, Africa, on October 19. The series of photographs was taken by the Lehigh's radio opsrator, frorr one of the lifeboats in whic!~ the
crew escaped.
requested to maintain obedience to the constituted authorities and to continue their normal process
of business."
Tokio radio, replying: to this declaration, says: "It Is almost unthinkable to consider Manila as an open city, as it is well known American authorities considered Manila as a typical base in the event of an American attack against Japan. If Manila is des- ignated an open city, then Sin- gapore, Chungking, and Hong Kong could be considered opec
cities."
Many fires from the vicinity ol ! the reddened Manila sky illu- minated Cnristmas night, while repeated explosions from the soutfc shook the city following a Japan est air bombardment of a rail- way station. 35 miles south ol
Manila.
The Japanese are exerting ver j heavy pressure, and both sidei have suffered heavy casualties.
Before Manila was declared ar open city many people fired ai Japanese planes with .rifles anc pistols, but ineffectively.
United States army spokesmar declares: "The general situatior In the Philippines is better thai previously, as United States troops are now becoming harden-
ed to combat.
A Tokio communique claims thai the unit of Japanese troops, whict landed in Minlanao Island in thi south of the Philippines has nov occupied Davao, and are "cleanini up the remaining enemy troops."
A Washington Navy commun! que states that the United State forces have complied with th stipulations of the Hague Con vention regarding the declaratioi of Manila as an open city.
Refugees reaching Manila stat that the Japanese invaders ar spreading terror amongst th civilian population. In some town the Japanese have lined, up civi Hans against the walls and she them in order to intimidate th rest of the population.
Special propaganda agents an Japanese gestapo detachment accompany the invading column and Japanese aircraft are drop ping leaflets claiming that Japa is aiming only to set the Philip pines free from American "selfis
exploitation."

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pages 14&15
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page 14
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page 15 (clipping 1)
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page 15 (clipping 2)
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did you know that service animals get medals too??
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The Dickin Medal

the dickin medal - recognised as the animals' Victoria Cross - was named after Maria Dickin, the founder of the PDSA, formerly known as the People’s Dispensary for Sick Animals .

Between 1943 and 1949, 54 animals received the medal, including 32 pigeons, 18 dogs and 3 horses.
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pages 16&17
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page 16
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AfFz-dtNzYo
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A4zY1Bwdhic&feature=related
also found this and being a little dog owner i just had to share , enjoy !
SMOKY, 4 pound Yorkie. WWII's littlest soldier. 8 Battle stars, 12 combat Missions 18 months straight in combat. YANK magazine's "Champion Mascot of the SWPA in 1944" became a WAR DOG on LUZON late Jan.'45 by pulling string with communications wires attached under the only taxi strip leading to the protected area of 40 U.S Photo and Fighter planes saving them from the hazard of daily exposure to bombings if they would have to be moved while a construction detail dug up the taxiway. This three day job was accomplished in two minutes by the seven inch tall Smoky who climbed through 4 inch piles of sand accumilated at each four foot segment. along the 70 feet, 8" in diameter drainage culvert. Her stories appear in over 50 books and magazine articles Including Volumes I and II of the History of the Fifth Air Force.
page 17 (clipping 1)
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The show included music by Irving Berlin and George Gershwin, narration by actors Burgess Meredith and Humphrey Bogart, a variety show performed by Phil Silvers and a speech by Wendell Wilkie.

The program's cover features a great revolutionary war scene with Mickey Mouse carrying a flag with the “V” for victory symbol, Donald Duck playing the fife, and Goofy banging on a washtub drum with a pair of spoons. Disney artist Hank Porter created the cover illustration, which was his adaptation of the art found on the cover of the July 1939 Mickey Mouse Magazine.
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page 17 (clipping 2)
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BURWOOD NAVAL SECTION BASE — Located on the Southwest Pass of the Mississippi River, Burwood Naval Section Base was established during World War II to watch for enemy ships and submarines in the Gulf of Mexico and to monitor traffic entering the mouth of the river. Construction of the base began in 1941 and the base was placed into commission on December 15, 1941, with Lieutenant Commander N. J. Ashley in command. The Army Corps of Engineers constructed a water tower approximately 120 ft. in height with a platform atop the tank which supported another smaller tower 75 ft. high. The smaller tower supported a yardarm (crossbeam) similar to that of a ship from which signal lights and signal flags could be hoisted to communicate with approaching ships (thereby maintaining radio silence). Inbound vessels were inspected prior to proceeding upriver to New Orleans and Baton Rouge. In 1942, the U.S. Army set up heavy artillery pieces (mobile howitzers) on either side of the river at Burwood. The guns had a range of approximately nine miles. The Army also set up a second watch tower on the South Pass near Port Eads. The base's heavy duty docks were capable of supporting not only pilot boats and civilian tugs and dredges, but also patrol craft, sub chasers, minesweepers, PT boats, and vessels as large as destroyers. Vessels staging out of Burwood participated in almost every rescue operation along the central Gulf Coast during the height of the U-boat threat in 1942.

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pages 18&19
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page 18 (clipping 1)
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Olav Hindahl (17 October 1892, Stavanger - 14 June 1963, Oslo) was a Norwegian trade unionist and politician for the Labour Party. He started his career as a typographer, and became involved in the local labour union. He rose up the ladder and became leader of the Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions in 1934. He left in 1939 to become Minister of Labour in the cabinet Nygaardsvold. During the German occupation of Norway he also headed, in exile, the Ministry of Trade. He relinquished both posts in 1945, but from 1946 to 1963 he directed the Norwegian Labour Inspection Authority.[/URL]
On the local level he was a member of Stavanger city council from 1923 to 1925 and Aker municipal council from 1929 to 1931.

page 18 (clipping 2)
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The war had a dramatic impact on women. The sudden appearance of large numbers of women in uniform was easily the most visible change. The military organized women into auxiliary units with special uniforms, their own officers, and, amazingly, equal pay. By 1945, more than 250,000 women had joined the Women's Army Corps (WAC), the Army Nurses Corps, Women Accepted for Voluntary Emergency Service (WAVES), the Navy Nurses Corps, the Marines, and the Coast Guard. Most women who joined the armed services either filled traditional women's roles, such as nursing, or replaced men in non-combat jobs. During the first world war, the first demonstations were held to give women the right to vote.
Women also substituted for men on the home front. For the first time in history, married working women outnumbered single working women as 6.3 million women entered the work force during the war. The war challenged the conventional image of female behavior, as "Rosie the Riveter" became the popular symbol of women who abandoned traditional female occupations to work in defense industries. Social critics had a field day attacking women. Social workers blamed working mothers for the rise in juvenile delinquency during the war.

page 19
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here is a little about each of the featured

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TINKER, CLARENCE LEONARD (1887-1942)

http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/T/images/TI005.jpg Clarence Leonard Tinker was the first American Indian in U.S. Army history to attain the rank of major general. One-eighth Osage, he was born on November 21, 1887, in Osage County, Oklahoma, the former Osage Nation, Indian Territory. Tinker, the eldest son of George E. Tinker and Sarah A. Schwagerte, received his elementary education in Catholic institutions at Hominy and Pawhuska, Oklahoma, and the Elgin, Kansas, public school. Beginning in 1900 he attended the Haskell Institute at Lawrence, Kansas, but withdrew before graduating. In fall 1906 he enrolled in Wentworth Military Academy at Lexington, Missouri. Upon graduating in 1908 he was commissioned a third lieutenant in the Philippine Constabulary.
Tinker's service with the constabulary lasted until 1912 when he was commissioned into the U.S. Army as a second lieutenant. After infantry training he joined the Twenty-fifth Infantry Division at Fort George Wright in Spokane, Washington. In January 1913 the Twenty-fifth transferred to Hawaii. While stationed near Honolulu, Tinker met and married Madeline Doyle of Halifax, Nova Scotia.
During World War I Tinker served in the southwestern United States and California, rising in rank to major. In 1919 he began flying lessons and soon transferred to the Air Corps. Tinker's aviation career began when he was assigned to flight duty on July 1, 1922. For the next twenty years he was stationed primarily at air installations in the southeastern United States. He continued climbing in rank, becoming a brigadier general on October 1, 1940. At that time he was in charge of MacDill Field, Tampa, Florida. As German armies rolled across Europe, he cautioned against Japanese aggression in the Pacific. The plans he devised to protect the Panama Canal and Caribbean region became important wartime strategy.
Tinker took command of the Hawaiian Department following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941. Promoted to major general in early 1942, he was placed in charge of the newly created Seventh Air Force at Hickam Field, Hawaii. A proponent of aggressive bombing tactics, Tinker led four Liberator bombers on a raid to Wake Island on June 5, 1942. Leaving Midway Island on June 6, his plane crashed at sea, killing all on board.
Clarence L. Tinker was the first American general to die in World War II; his body was never recovered. He received the Soldier's Medal in 1931 and, posthumously, the Distinguished Service Medal. Tinker Air Force Base in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, is named in his honor.
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Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, USN, (1885-1966)
Chief of Naval Operations, 15 December 1945 - 15 December 1947



Chester William Nimitz was born in Fredericksburg, Texas, on 24 February 1885. Appointed to the U.S. Naval Academy in 1901 and graduated in 1905, he then spent four years with the Asiatic Fleet. During that time he commanded the small gunboat Panay and the destroyer Decatur (DD-5). In 1909-13, after his return to the United States, Lieutenant Nimitz was assigned to submarine duty, gaining a reputation as an expert in the field of undersea warfare. He also earned a Silver Lifesaving Medal for rescuing a sailor who fell overboard. Nimitz was next sent to Germany to study diesel engine technology. He put that knowledge to work during 1913-17 supervising the construction and installation of diesel engines in the oiler Maumee (AO-2) and serving as her Chief Engineer.
After promotion to Lieutenant Commander, Nimitz returned to the Submarine Force. Following a year as Executive Officer of the battleship South Carolina (BB-26), in 1920 he went to Pearl Harbor to build the submarine base there. Next assigned to the Naval War College, his studies of a possible Pacific Ocean war's logistics would become extremely relevant two decades later. In 1923, Commander Nimitz became aide to Commander Battle Force and later to Commander in Chief, U.S. Fleet. Later in the decade, he established the NROTC unit at the University of California at Berkeley. In 1929, now holding the rank of Captain, he began two years as Commander, Submarine Division 20, followed by two more years in charge of reserve destroyers at San Diego, California. He then took the heavy cruiser Augusta (CA-31) to the Orient, where, under his command, she was flagship of the Asiatic Fleet in 1933-35. Three years' duty at the Bureau of Navigation in Washington, D.C., ended in 1938 with his promotion to Rear Admiral.
As a flag officer, Nimitz commanded Cruiser Division Two and Battleship Division One until he became Chief of the Bureau of Navigation in June 1939. He held that post during the difficult years leading up to U.S. entry into World War II. In the wake of the destructive 7 December 1941 Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Nimitz was ordered to take over the Pacific Fleet. With the rank of Admiral, and Fleet Admiral after December 1944, he commanded American forces during their long advance across the Pacific to full victory in August 1945.
Fleet Admiral Nimitz became Chief of Naval Operations in December 1945. On his watch, the Navy endured a massive postwar downsizing and began to find its place in the peacetime national defense establishment. He left office in December 1947, taking residence in California. As a Fleet Admiral, he technically remained on active duty, and in 1949-52, served at the United Nations. Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz died at his home on Yerba Buena Island, California, on 20 February 1966.
The aircraft carrier USS Nimitz (CVN-68), 1975-____, is named in honor of Fleet Admiral Nimitz.
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Rear Admiral Husband Edward Kimmel, USN, (1882-1968)

Husband E. Kimmel was born in Henderson, Kentucky, on 26 February 1882 and graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1904. Before reaching flag rank, he served in several battleships, commanded two destroyer divisions, a destroyer squadron and USS New York (BB-34). He also held a number of important positions on flag staffs and in the Navy Department, and completed the senior course at the Naval War College.
After promotion to Rear Admiral in 1937, he commanded Cruiser Division Seven on a diplomatic cruise to South America and then became Commander Cruisers, Battle Force in 1939. In February 1941 he became Commander in Chief, U.S. Fleet and Pacific Fleet, with the temporary rank of Admiral. Operating from the advanced base at Pearl Harbor, Kimmel led his fleet during the months of vigorous training that preceded the outbreak of the Pacific War. Relieved of his fleet command in mid-December 1941, following the the Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, Kimmel reverted to the rank of Rear Admiral and retired in March 1942. Rear Admiral Kimmel died at Groton, Connecticut, on 14 May 1968.
video of kimmel speaking about pearl harbor
[url]http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AoafS24TKOg (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olav_Hindahl#cite_note-0)
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Martin

Frederick LeRoy, Major-General
(1882 – 1954) (USAAF)

1926
- 1927
Commanding Officer of Bolling Field, D.C.

1927
- 1930
Chief of the Inspection Division, Office of the Chief of the Air Corps, Washington, D.C.

1930
- 1931
Commandant of the Air Corps Advanced Flying School and Commanding Officer of Kelly Field, Texas

1931
- 1934
Commandant of the Air Corps Primary Flying School and Commanding Officer of Randolph Field, Texas

1934
Executive Officer, Air Corps Material Division, Wright Field, Ohio

1934
- 1935
Student at the Army War College, Washington Barracks, D.C.

1935
- 1937
Commanding Officer, later Commanding General of Wright Field, Ohio

1937
- 1940
Commanding General of the 3d Wing, General Headquarters Air Force, Barksdale Field, Louisiana

1940
- 1941
Commanding General of the Hawaiian Air Force, Fort Shafter, Hawaii; from 12.07.1941, Hickam Field, Hawaii

1942
Commanding General of the Second Air Force, Fort George Wright, Washington

1942
- 1944
Commanding General of the 2d District, U.S. Army Air Forces Central Technical Training Command, St. Louis, Missouri

1944
Retired (disability in line of duty)
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Lt. Gen. Delos C. Emmons commanded the US Army, Pacific from December 1941 to September 1943. He was commissioned into the Infantry but retired as part of the Army Air Corps in 1948. Emmons graduated from the US Military Academy in 1909. His military education included the US Army air service course that he took at Harvard from 1920-1921. He gained his Doctorate of Science from Marshall College.
A major command for Emmons was the Air Force Combat Command in Washington, DC before becoming commander in Hawaii. After that he commanded the Alaskan Department from 1944-1946. Another duty assignment for Emmons was commandant of the Armed Forces Staff College in 1946.

Gen. Emmons received the Distinguished Service Medal, the Legion of Merit, the Air Medal, and several foreign decorations. He died on 3 October 1965.

Lieutenant General Walter Campbell Short was the appointed to command Army operations and bases at Hawaii in Feb 1941. By the end of that year, Vice Admiral Chuichi Nagumo would strike Pearl Harbor and end Short's 40-year military career.
http://i.imgur.com/2gxu3.jpg

Short was the assistant chief of staff to the Third Army during WW1. Between WW1 and the outbreak of WW2, he held a number of assignments of high importance, leading to his appointment at Hawaiian Department, the largest overseas Army department. While being an extremely efficient commander in terms of preparing his troops for war, Short himself was criticized in never preparing himself for an actual attack on Hawaii by the Japanese even though he was well aware of the threat (as shown by his decision to park his planes closely together to guard against possible Japanese saboteurs, which proved to be disastrous when the raid took place). After the Pearl Harbor attack, he was relieved of command by Washington on 17 Dec. His Quarter 5 residence, traditionally the commanding general's residence on Palm Circle, was occupied next by Lieutenant General Delos Emmons. Along with his Navy counterpart Husband Kimmel, Short was one of the principle scapegoats for the American unpreparedness for such an attack by the Japanese. Subsequent investigations, he was found to be guilty of errors of judgement and dereliction of duty. It was not until after his death before the United States Senate cleared his name (25 May 1999), although the Department of Defense continue to place the blame of the Pearl Harbor disaster on Short and Kimmel. "(Short and Kimmel) were denied vital intelligence that was available in Washington", said Senator William Roth, Jr., noting that they had been made into scapegoats in 1941 to lift blame from other high ranking officers. The attack on Pearl Harbor faced nine investigations, the national attention was clearly unjustly weighted on this single event when, for example, the same unpreparedness for Japanese aggression was equally as great at the Philippines. When President Roosevelt ordered Supreme Court Justice Owen Roberts to head up the investigative commission, which was appropriately named the Robers Commission, many argue that Roosevelt had much political motivation in mind. By charging Short and Kimmel with failure to defend the important American military bases at Hawaii, Roosevelt paved himself a path to take military action against Japanese aggression that he had long wished to intervene, and cleared himself of any faults of his own for his re-election campaign in 1944.
After being removed from command, Short retired from the Army and worked for Ford Motor Company. He passed away in 1949.

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pages 20&21
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page 20 (clipping 1)
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m6 heavy tank
In 1941 - 1942 three prototypes were built by the Baldwin Locomotive Works, one with electric transmission and two with torque converter transmission. Variants with hydramatic transmission were never completed. The prototypes also differed in hull assembly method - one had welded hull and two cast hull. On 26 May 1942 two variants with torque converter transmission were standardized as M6 and M6A1. Standardization of the electric transmission equipped T1E1 as M6A2 was never approved, but manufacturing of the vehicle was nevertheless recommended. It was proposed by the Ordnance Corps that 115 T1E1s would be built for the US Army and 115 M6s and M6A1s for US allies. The production started in December 1942. Some minor changes were introduced in the production vehicles: the cupola was replaced by a double-door hatch with a ring mount, the machine gun in a rotor mount and the left front machine gun were removed.
However by the time the M6 was ready for production, the Armored Corps had lost interest in the project. The advantages the M6 offered over medium tanks - its much thicker armor and slightly more powerful gun - were offset partly by the shortcomings of the design - such as very high silhouette, awkward internal layout and reliability problems - and partly by logistical concerns. By the end of 1942, the Armored Corps were sure that the new M4 Sherman gave adequate solution for the present and the near future, while being reliable, cheap and much easier to transport.
Work on M6 didn't stop at once. The T1E1 prototype was tested with a T7 90 mm gun and was found to be a satisfactory gun platform, although poor turret layout was noted again. In August 1944 the Ordnance Corps recommended using the T1E1s produced to build 15 77-ton vehicles designated M6A2E1, with thicker (up to 7.5-inch (190 mm) vertical protection) glacis armor and a turret developed for the T29 Heavy Tank, armed with a T5E1 105 mm gun. The proposal was rejected by General Eisenhower. However, by late 1942 main development effort shifted to other projects, one of which eventually resulted in the M26 Pershing.
On 14 December 1944 the M6 was declared obsolete. Only forty units were produced and they never left US soil. Several toured the United States for propaganda purposes, where they gave performance displays (such as car crushing) at War Bond drives and the like. All were eventually scrapped except for a single T1E1 which is on display at the United States Army Ordnance Museum, Aberdeen, Maryland.
Some suspension parts were used in the heavy Excelsior A33 Tank prototypes.

Variants



T1 - Cast hull, hydramatic transmission. Never built.
T1E1 - Cast hull, electric transmission. Often unofficially referred to as M6A2. 20 units built.
T1E2 / M6 - Cast hull, torque converter transmission. 8 units built.
T1E3 / M6A1 - Welded hull, torque converter transmission. 12 units built.
T1E4 - Welded hull, hydramatic transmission. Never built.
M6A2E1 - Uparmored T1E1 with a new turret armed with a T5E1 105 mm gun. Used for testing T29 project armament system.



http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/M6_heavy_tank_TM9-2800_p120.jpg/120px-M6_heavy_tank_TM9-2800_p120.jpg (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M6_heavy_tank_TM9-2800_p120.jpg)

M6 .


http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/M6A1_heavy_tank_TM9-2800_p122.jpg/120px-M6A1_heavy_tank_TM9-2800_p122.jpg (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M6A1_heavy_tank_TM9-2800_p122.jpg)

M6A1. Note its angular welded hull, as opposed to rounded cast hulls of M6 and T1E1.


http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/T1E1_heavy_tank_TM9-2800_p124.jpg/120px-T1E1_heavy_tank_TM9-2800_p124.jpg (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:T1E1_heavy_tank_TM9-2800_p124.jpg)

T1E1.


http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/M6a2e1.jpg/120px-M6a2e1.jpg (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M6a2e1.jpg)

M6A2E1 at Aberdeen Proving Ground on 7-th of June 1945.




page 20 (clipping 2)
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flag of 1812
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flag in 1941
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fun New Orleans fact
During the War of 1812, the British sent a force to conquer the city. The Americans decisively defeated the British troops, led by Sir Edward Pakenham, in the Battle of New Orleans on January 8, 1815.
page 21 (clipping 1)
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The Atlantic Charter is one of the key documents of the 20th century and remains still relevant today. President Roosevelt and Primeminister Churchill meet aboard the Prince of Wales on August 9-13, 1941 at Placentia Bay. The Prince of Wales had been badly mauled by Bismark in May. It was to be sunk by a Japanese aerial attack in December. Roosevelt and Churchill issue the Atlantic Charter. The two were war time allies. Britain had weathered the worst that the NAZI Luftwaffe could throw at it. America and Britain were fighting the U-boats in the North Atlantic to keep Britain alive. It was clear that America would soon be drawn into the War. America had already played an important role in keeping Britain alive and the two countries were the only hope of the occupied European and in fact Western civilization itself--threatened by the evil tide of NAZI tyranny. The two leaders, the two most important men of the 20th century, agreed to a simple, but elegant eight-point statement of their aims which today still stands as the central credo of the Atlantic Alliance.
First, their countries seek no aggrandizement, territorial or other;
Second, they desire to see no territorial changes that do not accord with the freely expressed wishes of the peoples concerned;
Third, they respect the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live; and they wish to see sovereign rights and self government restored to those who have been forcibly deprived of them;
Fourth, they will endeavor, with due respect for their existing obligations, to further the enjoyment by all States, great or small, victor or vanquished, of access, on equal terms, to the trade and to the raw materials of the world which are needed for their economic prosperity;
Fifth, they desire to bring about the fullest collaboration between all nations in the economic field with the object of securing, for all, improved labor standards, economic advancement and social security;
Sixth, after the final destruction of the Nazi tyranny, they hope to see established a peace which will afford to all nations the means of dwelling in safety within their own boundaries, and which will afford assurance that all the men in all lands may live out their lives in freedom from fear and want;
Seventh, such a peace should enable all men to traverse the high seas and oceans without hindrance;
Eighth, they believe that all of the nations of the world, for realistic as well as spiritual reasons must come to the abandonment of the use of force. Since no future peace can be maintained if land, sea or air armaments continue to be employed by nations which threaten, or may threaten, aggression outside of their frontiers, they believe, pending the establishment of a wider and permanent system of general security, that the disarmament of such nations is essential. They will likewise aid and encourage all other practicable measure which will lighten for peace-loving peoples the crushing burden of armaments.
Hitler's Reaction

The Atlantic Charter was just a declaration. Hitler senced the propaganda import of the Charter. He instructed Goebbels not to publish it least it give any inspiration to the people of occupied Europe or cause concern with the German public.

[B]Public Reaction

Public reaction was muted. Public opinion in Britain aplauded the principles enuciated and Ameruican support in the war against the NAZIs. But there was still no clear statement of American entry into the War. Churchill himself had hoped for more, but had to be content with what occurred. The term "Atlantic Charter" was coined by the Daily Herald, a London newspaper. Only after the newspapers began referring to their statement as the "Atlantic Charter" did first Churchill and the Roosevelt begin using that term. The term "charter" appealed because it had aoft sound and avoided the issu of an alliance. The President knew that an alliance would require Congressional approval and be strongly resisted by the Isolatiinists. American public opinion generally agreed with the principles. Editorial opinion was predictablt divided along interbentionist and non-interventionit lines. By this time, the Isolantists had lost every important struugle with FDR. The one remaining issue was American entry in the War. Here the Isolationists still held the support of the American people. In that regard while the Churchill-Roosevely meeting was publicized, there was no publicity given to the meetings between American and British military commanders, especially as they went beyond protecing Atlantic convoys.
page 21 (clipping 2&3)
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Birth: Nov. 22, 1844
Red Bank
Monmouth County
New Jersey, USADeath: May 28, 1948
Highlands
Monmouth County
New Jersey, USAhttp://www.findagrave.com/icons2/trans.gif
Died in her 104th Year
Daughter of Horatio Mount and Marie Matilda McCarr
Wife of Charles Johnson who died in 1871
Mother of Unknown Johnson Patterson, William H. Johnson, and Margaret Johnson Liming
Wife of James Kingsbury
Mother of Georgana Kingsbury Emmons, Hattie Kingsbury, Katie L. Kingsbury Darby Eilenberger
Wife of John Wesley Minton who died in 1902
Mother of Deborah Minton Bogue
Grandmother to 11 grandchildren
Great Grandmother to 29 great grandchildren
Great Great Grandmother to 24 great great grandchildren
Great Great Great Grandmother of 1 great great great child.
(its good to know that she not only saw the end of the war but victory )

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pages 23&23
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page 22 (clipping 1)
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On March 5, 1941 President Dr. Arnulfo Arias of the Republic of Panama eased a big U.S. defense worry. In a manifesto he declared Panama would co-operate in hemisphere defense by providing the U.S. air bases in Panama's territory. This set U.S. military minds at rest for two reasons: 1) the U.S. would get needed bases and 2) the U.S. would not have as much troubled with President Arias as it once was feared it might.
The Panama Canal is vital to U.S. defense because it enables a one-ocean Navy to fight in two oceans. To protect the Canal against air raiders, the U.S. must station planes outside the Canal Zone to intercept bombers before they get near the Canal. Already the U.S. has at least one base outside the Zone (Rio Hato). under the new arrangement it will have other bases, listening posts, communications centers and anti-aircraft stations scattered all throughout the isthmus jungles.
The U.S. had fears of trouble with President Arias, who is a graduate of Harvard Medical School, because after his election last autumn Dr. Arias adopted a strong nationalist, "Panama for Panamanians" policy. He did not seem disposed to help the U.S. Now that he is so disposed, the first line of Canal defense will be pushed farther out in front of the big guns which guard the Canal Zone's two coasts.
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page 22 (clipping 2)
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History of DLIFLC


http://www.dliflc.edu/pageassets/images/NiseiHistory2.JPGThe Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center (DLIFLC) traces its roots to the eve of America’s entry into World War II, when the U.S.Army established a secret school at the Presidio of San Francisco to teach the Japanese language. Classes began November 1, 1941, with four instructors and 60 students in an abandoned airplane hangar at Crissy Field. The students were mostly second-generation Japanese-Americans (Nisei) from the West Coast. Nisei Hall is named in honor of these earliest students, whose heroism is portrayed in the Institute’s Yankee Samurai exhibit. The headquarters building and academic library bear the names of our first commandant, Colonel Kai E. Rasmussen, and the director of academic training, John F. Aiso.
During the war the Military Intelligence Service Language School (MISLS), as it came to be called, grew dramatically. When Japanese-Americans on the West Coast were moved into internment camps in 1942, the school moved to temporary quarters at Camp Savage, Minnesota. http://www.dliflc.edu/pageassets/images/HistoryNiseiListen.JPGBy 1944 the school had outgrown these facilities and moved to nearby Fort Snelling.
More than 6,000 graduates served throughout the Pacific Theater during the war and the subsequent occupation of Japan. Three academic buildings are named for Nisei graduates who fell in action: George Nakamura, Frank Hachiya, and Y. “Terry” Mizutari.


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page 23
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FbT3QghHOcQ

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pages 24&25
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page 24
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instead of reviewing coastal defense again lets take a quick look at the gulf of mexico campaign
Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico Campaigns Timeline
13 Feb 1942 Axis submarines arrived in waters near Aruba. .16 Feb 1942 Operation Neuland: German submarine U-156 attacked ships and shore facilities at Aruba, while other German and Italian submarines attacked Allied shipping off Aruba and Venezuela.17 Feb 1942 Dutch Marines attempted to disarm an unexploded torpedo at Aruba, launched by German submarine U-156 during the prior day's attack. The torpedo detonated unexpectedly, killing 4.3 Mar 1942 A German submarine shelled Mona near Puerto Rico, causing little damage. 19 Apr 1942 German submarine U-130 attempted to bombard oil storage tanks at Curaçao but was driven away by coastal defense guns. 4 May 1942 German submarine U-507 sank US tankers Norlindo (killing 5 of 28 aboard), Munger T. Ball (killing 30 of 34 aboard), and Joseph M. Cudahy (killing 27 of 37 aboard) off the Florida Keys archipelago about 100 kilometers west of the tip of Florida, United States.6 May 1942 German submarine U-507 sank US freighter Alcoa Puritan 60 kilometers south of Mobile, Alabama, United States. 10 May 1942 German submarine U-506 damaged US tanker Aurora 50 kilometers south of New Orleans, Louisiana, United States, killing 1 of 50 aboard.12 May 1942 German submarine U-507 sank US tanker Virginia immediately off the Mississippi River Delta in the Gulf of Mexico, killing 27 of 41 aboard.13 May 1942 German submarine U-69 damaged American cargo ship Norlantic with two torpedoes at 0338 hours and deck gun at 0347 hours en route between Pensacola, Florida, United States and Venezuela; Norlantic's crew signaled for a ceasefire so the crew could board lifeboats, but U-69 continued to fire sinking the ship at 0411 hours; 12 men were killed during this attack. South of New Orleans, Louisiana, United States, U-507 damaged US tanker Gulfprince while U-506 sank US tanker Gulfpenn (killing 13 of 38 aboard) and US freighter David McKelvy (killing 17 of 36 aboard.14 May 1942 German submarine U-564 sank Mexican tanker Potrero del Llano off Florida, United States and German submarine U-106 sank Mexican tanker Faja de Oro off Key West, Florida. 16 were killed in the two attacks.16 May 1942 German submarine U-506 damaged US tankers Sun and William C. McTarnahan (killing 18 of 38 aboard) and sank US tanker Gulfoil (killing 21 of 40 aboard) 50 kilometers south of New Orleans, Louisiana, United States.19 May 1942 German submarine U-506 sank US freighter Heredia 100 kilometers southwest of New Orleans, Louisiana, United States, killing 36 of 62 aboard. 200 kilometers southeast of New Orleans and 200 kilometers west of Havana, Cuba, U-103 sank US freighter Ogontz, killing 19 of 41 aboard.20 May 1942 German submarine U-155 damaged American freighter Sylvan Arrow (of the Standard Oil and Transportation Company) southwest of Grenada; there would be an attempt to tow her back to port, but she would ultimately sink before she reached port. 60 kilometers west of Havana, Cuba, German submarine U-753 sank American liberty ship George Calvert with three torpedoes; 10 of 61 aboard were killed during the attack, and 3 survivors were killed while being captured by the Germans; the survivors of George Calvert were freed after interrogation and sent to Cuba on lifeboats. Also on this date, U-506 sank US tanker Halo 50 kilometers south of New Orleans, Louisiana, United States, killing 21 of 42 aboard.26 May 1942 German submarine U-106 sank US tanker Carrabulle (killing 22 of 40 aboard) and damaged US freighter Atenas in the center of the Gulf of Mexico about 150 kilometers south of Louisiana, United States.28 May 1942 American freighter Sylvan Arrow (of the Standard Oil and Transportation Company), damaged by German submarine U-155 on 20 May 1942, sank while under tow.1 Jun 1942 German submarine U-106 sank US freighter Hampton Roads 150 kilometers west of Havana, Cuba, killing 5 of 28. 3 Jun 1942 German submarine U-502 sank US freighter M. F. Elliott off the Florida Keys archipelago, Florida, United States, killing 13 of 45 aboard.11 Jun 1942 German submarine U-157 sank American tanker Hagan 5 miles north of Cuba; 6 were killed, 38 survived. 12 Jun 1942 German submarine U-158 sank US tanker Cities Service Toledo 40 kilometers south of Abbeville, Louisiana, United States, killing 15 of 45 aboard.13 Jun 1942 United States Coast Guard Cutter Thetis attacked German submarine U-157 southwest of Key West, Florida, United States on the surface. After U-157 dove, Thetis dropped depth charge attack, and after several minutes reported debris and oil on floating to the surface from the destroyed U-157.23 Jun 1942 German submarine U-158 sank US Army transport Major General Henry Gibbins 400 miles west of Key West, Florida, United States. The entire crew of 47 and all 21 passengers survived, to be rescued on the following day.13 Jul 1942 Destroyer USS Landsdowne sank German submarine U-153 in the Caribbean Sea 50 kilometers northwest of the Atlantic side of the Panama Canal.15 Jul 1942 German submarine U-571 disabled tanker Pennsylvania Sun 200 kilometers west of Key West, Florida, United States at 0749 hours; 2 were killed, 59 survived on 3 lifeboats. The tanker would later be repaired and would return to service.16 Jul 1942 German submarine U-160 fatally damaged tanker Beaconlight with 2 torpedos 10 miles northwest of Galera Point, Trinidad at 0934 hours; 1 was killed, 38 survived in 3 lifeboats; Dutch tug Roode Zee sank the wreck to prevent it from becoming a hazard. German submarine U-161 attacked Allied convoy AS-4 500 miles north of St. Thomas, Virgin Islands at 1543 hours; the Germans observed two hits, both of which were made against the transport Fairport, which sank with all 123 aboard surviving in two lifeboats and five rafts. German submarine U-166 stopped trawler Gertrude 30 miles northeast of Havana, Cuba; Gertrude was sunk by gunfire after the crew abandoned ship as ordered.30 Jul 1942 German submarine U-166 attacked American freighter Robert E. Lee 50 kilometers southwest of New Orleans, Louisiana, United States. Escorting patrol chaser USS PC-556 counterattacked with depth charges and sank the submarine, although the sinking was not confirmed until after the war.28 Aug 1942 German submarine U-94 attacked Allied convoy TAW-15 off Haiti. American PBY Catalina aircraft, Canadian corvette HMCS Halifax, Canadian corvette HMCS Snowberry, and Canadian corvette HMCS Oakville counterattacked, forcing the submarine to the surface. HMCS Oakville then rammed U-94 twice, leaving it dead in the water. A Canadian boarding party captured the submarine, killing two in the process. It was soon realized that the Germans had already scuttled the ship, and the boarding party successful returned to HMCS Oakville. U-94 sank with 19 of her crew; 26 survived.3 Sep 1942 British destroyers HMS Vimy, HMS Pathfinder, and HMS Quentin sank German submarine U-162 northeast of Trinidad with depth charges, killing 2 in the process. 49 survivors were captured and sent to the United States as prisoners of war.4 Sep 1942 German submarine U-171 sank Mexican tanker Amaltan off the coast of Mexico in the Gulf of Mexico. 11 Sep 1942 German submarine U-514 sank Canadian ship Cornwallis off Bridgetown, Barbados in shallow waters. She would later be raised, put back into service, and lost again to another German submarine.27 Sep 1942 German auxiliary cruiser Stier sank American liberty ship Stephen Hopkins in the Caribbean Sea at about 1000 hours, but sustained damage in the engagement. Later on the same day, dead in the water, Stier's crew scuttled the ship just before noon.15 May 1943 An American reconnaissance aircraft detected German submarine U-176 off Havana, Cuba. Nearby Cuban submarine chaser CS-13, escorting two freighters, was notified and closed in, attacking with depth charges and sinking U-176, killing the entire crew.5 Jul 1943 German submarine U-759 sank American ship Maltran of Allied convoy GTMO-134 70 miles west of Port Salut, Haiti. The entire crew survived.7 Jul 1943 German submarine U-759 sank Dutch cargo ship Poelau Roebiah of Allied convoy TAG-70 east of Jamaica; 2 were killed and 68 survived.8 Jul 1943 German submarine U-759 was reportedly to be lost, though later records show she might had not been destroyed until 23 Jul 1943. 15 Jul 1943 US Navy Patrol Squadron 32 PBM-3C Mariner aircraft sank German submarine U-759 in the Caribbean Sea south of Haiti with depth charges (all 47 killed).18 Jul 1943 US Navy airship K-74 detected an enemy submarine in the Straits of Florida between the United States and Cuba at 2340 hours by radar and commenced the attack on German submarine U-134 10 minutes later. The anti-aircraft guns of U-134 hit the airship, and she crashed at 2355 hours. K-74 was the only American blimp to be shot down during the war.23 Jul 1943 US Navy PBM Mariner aircraft attacked a German submarine in the Caribbean Sea, possibly U-759. page 25 (clipping 1)
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(note the wrong info in the clipping stating 41 planes were brought down )
the Japanese suffered very few losses themselves -- just 29 aircraft and five midget subs.
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MANILA, Philippines -- In 1914, Jesus Antonio Villamor, a Filipino ace pilot who fought the Japanese invaders during World War II, and after whom Villamor Air Base was named, was born in Abra.
Villamor, who joined the Philippine Army Air Corps (PAAC) Flying School in his early 20s, was an outstanding cadet sent to the United States for advance flight training for three years instead of four years.
He also took part in the training of the US Air Force’s Strategic Bombing Squadron which used the B-17 and B-22 bomber planes.
After a variety of postings upon his return to the Philippines, he was assigned to lead the 6th Pursuit Squadron shortly before the Japanese invasion of the Philippines in December 1941.
Overmatched against Japanese Zeros, his squadron of P-26 Fighters held their own against fierce enemy in dogfight after dogfight. The Filipino pilots showed their courage and skills in the skies above Zablan and Batangas Fields.
After his squadron was destroyed, Villamor continued his war against the Japanese this time as an intelligence officer.
On Dec. 27, 1942, Villamor slipped through the Japanese Navy aboard the submarine USS Gudgeon (SS-211) and established communications from the Philippines to Australia where General Douglas MacArthur's headquarters was based.
He served as the “clearing house” of all the information, including the activities of the guerrilla (which was formed in anticipation of what was then believed as a short stay of the enemy in the Philippines) movements in Luzon, Visayas, and Mindandao.
These reports helped MacArthur immensely in planning his return to the Philippines, which took place in the beach of Leyte in Oct. 20, 1944, and eventually allowed the United States Armed Forces in the Far East (USAFFE) to map out a strategy to liberate the Philippines.
Hence, for his bravery as a pilot and ingenuity as an intelligence officer, President Ramon Magsaysay awarded Villamor the Medal of Valor, the highest Philippine military decoration on Jan. 21, 1954.
He also received the Distinguished Flying Cross and the Legion of Merit.
He died at the age of 56 on Oct. 28, 1971.
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pages 26&27
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pages 28&29
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WW II searchlights formed part of a system of aircraft detection linking (a) locator devices, (b) searchlights, and (c) antiaircraft (AAA) guns. The locators sent electronic information to the lights and guns, which in turn tracked the target in synch with each other. Once a locator of any of the aforementioned types had "locked on" to an aerial target, the concept was for both lights and guns to be trained on the target (via the height and distance data received from the locator) so the target could be nearly simultaneously illuminated and then destroyed. Locators were first based on sound and heat detection, and ultimately radar became the preferred method of target acquisition. Units were generally separate, but advances in radar technology late in the war saw the integration of radar into both searchlight and AAA gun designs. Antiaircraft artillery accuracy was at stake, both from tactical and economic points of view. In 1940, in England, for example, it took an average of 20,000 rounds of ammunition to down a single enemy aircraft! The demand for more accurate methods of engaging, tracking, and destroying aircraft, especially at night, was driven by the need to destroy more targets without expending lots of ammunition.
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NEWSPAPER CAPTION: AIR HEROES: Nine Japanese planes were shot down by these five young air corps officers during the raids on Oahu a week ago Sunday. Left to right they are-2nd Lt. Harry W. Brown, who bagged one Japanese plane; 2nd Lt. Philip M. Rasmmussen, one plane; 2nd Lt. Kenneth M. Taylor, two planes; 2nd Lt. George S. Welch, four planes; 1st Lt. Lewis M. Sanders, one plane. Lts. Welsh and Taylor are to receive Distinguished Service Crosses.
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pages 30&31
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World War I Accomplishments of the American Red Cross
Europe was thrown into conflict in June 1914. At the beginning of the war, the American Red Cross was a small organization still in the process of developing its identity and programs. When the United States declared war against Germany on April 6, 1917, the organization began a period of extraordinary growth. By the time the war ended in November 1918, the Red Cross had become a major national humanitarian organization with strong leadership, a huge membership base, universal recognition, and a broad and distinguished record of service. Here are some of the highlights of that remarkable period in Red Cross history. Historical Summary
Within weeks of the outbreak of war, the American Red Cross dispatched a ship to Europe loaded with medical personnel and supplies. Named the SS Red Cross, it was better known as "the Mercy Ship." It carried 170 surgeons and nurses who were being sent to Europe to provide medical relief to combat casualties on both sides of the war. This was consistent with the articles of the Geneva Conventions and the principles of the Red Cross Movement that called for strict observation of neutrality and impartiality. Additional personnel and supplies followed but the Red Cross ended this effort after little more than a year, primarily because of lack of sufficient funding.
When the United States declared war against Germany, the American Red Cross found itself embarking on the adventure that would transform it almost overnight into the large and important organization it is today. As the public's patriotism rose to a fever pitch in the early days of the war, U.S. President Woodrow Wilson, as honorary chairman of the Red Cross, urged his fellow citizens to turn their energies into help for the organization that needed their voluntary support in order to meet the needs of the thousands of young men joining the Allied forces on the battlefields of Europe.
In those early days, Red Cross national headquarters reeled under the demands of the national war effort. Communities flooded the headquarters with requests to establish local chapters. Needs grew much faster than the infrastructures to support them and the situation was described as "chaotic." In May 1917, President Wilson appointed a War Council to direct the Red Cross under these circumstances and selected Henry P. Davison, a successful New York banker, as the Council's volunteer chairman.
Under Davison's leadership, the Red Cross accomplished the growth necessary to meet the challenges of a world war. Prominent volunteers from the banking and business communities took up key leadership positions, including Jesse H. Jones of Houston, Texas. The organization mobilized some 8 million volunteers who were assigned to service corps at the chapter level (see list below). By the war's end, nearly one-third of the U.S. population was either a contributing member of the Red Cross or a serving volunteer. In all, 20 million adults and 11 million youth claimed membership in the American Red Cross and more than 8 million adults served as volunteer workers.
The Red Cross created a complex organizational structure to fulfill its mission, consisting of boards, committees, offices, departments, and bureaus. In terms of the war effort, however, its functions fell into four categories.


Service to the American armed forces.
Service to Allied military forces, particularly the French.
Limited service to American and Allied prisoners of war.
Service to civilian victims of war, with an emphasis on the children of Europe.

As the United States neared its declaration of war with Germany, the U.S. Surgeon General asked the American Red Cross to organize base hospitals for service to the military. The Red Cross eventually established 54 hospitals overseas, mostly in France, and four at home. Once the United States entered the war, specialized Red Cross corps provided most services to American and Allied armed forces. Service to POWs consisted mostly of supplying food and comfort items to the International Committee of the Red Cross for distribution in the camps. The Red Cross sent 11 commissions to Europe to assess needs for and administer its services to U.S. and allied military forces and civilian war victims. The first commission, consisting of nine outstanding Americans who arrived in Paris on June 12, 1917, covered all of Europe. Later, commissions were sent to individual countries and regions impacted by the war, such as France, Great Britain, Italy, and the Balkan States. While the major concentration of effort was on the war, the Red Cross also provided services to civilians at home. Mostly this took the form of nursing activities and emergency response to natural disasters. In late 1918, however, the Red Cross met a major challenge on the home front. Fostered by wartime conditions, an influenza pandemic hit the United States and most of the rest of the world. It claimed between 20 and 40 million lives worldwide and U.S. deaths were estimated at 500,000. The Red Cross worked as an active auxiliary of the United States Public Health Service providing nurses and motor corps members, in particular, to assist the sick and dying until the pandemic died out in 1919.
Four months after the armistice was signed on March 1, 1919, the War Council disbanded and leadership of the Red Cross reverted to its Central Committee which had run the organization since it received its congressional charter in 1905. Chairman Henry Davison moved on to become the prime mover behind the formation of the League of Red Cross Societies, the umbrella organization of individual national societies now known as the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies.
By the early 1920s, the Red Cross had completed most of its work overseas and withdrew its commissions and most of its workers from foreign service. It also closed American Red Cross overseas chapters formed by Americans living abroad. The American Junior Red Cross, however, continued to support educational and recreational programs for European youth through the Children's Fund it had initiated right after the war. At home, the Red Cross continued to provide hospital, recreational, and rehabilitative services to veterans for many years. As the result of their wartime activities, 400 American Red Cross workers lost their lives from 1914-1921, including 296 nurses.
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YMCA Service in the Great War

35,000 unpaid volunteers and 26,000 paid staff served in the YMCA during the First World War assisting the needs of the 4.8 million troops. They suffered 286 casualties and were awarded 319 citations and decorations including the French Legion d’Honneur, Order of the British Empire and the Distinguished Service Cross and Distinguished Service medal.




They operated 26 R&R leave centers, 1,500 canteens and 4,000 “huts” serving 2 million American servicemen.

The YMCA awarded 80,000 educational scholarships to veterans after the Great War, a forerunner of the GI Bill.

They also provided humanitarian services to more than 5 million prisoners of war on both sides.

From the time the US entered the war, until the Armistice was declared, thirty-three YMCA workers, twenty-nine men and four women gave their lives serving abroad..

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page 34&35
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Despite the attack on Pearl Harbor just three weeks prior, those fighting in World War II still found time for a little Christmas Spirit while in the Armed Forces.
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At 12.20 p.m. on August 28, 2002, the Pisces IV and Pisces V, two deep diving submersibles operated by the Hawai‘i Undersea Research Laboratory (HURL), found the Japanese midget submarine which was the first vessel sunk in the attack on Pearl Harbor, December 7th, 1941. HURL is one of six national laboratories comprising NOAA's National Undersea Research Program. It is located at the University of Hawai‘i's School of Ocean and Earth Sciences and Technology. The sunken midget sub was located during the last of a series of test and training dives conducted annually in the military debris fields off Pearl Harbor. HURL is now undertaking its regular four to five month dive season of scientific and engineering dives focusing on fisheries enhancement , coral reef habitats, undersea volcanism, landslide monitoring, acoustic identification of fish and their habitats and other engineering and oceanographic studies.
This midget sub find has been described as the most significant modern marine archeological find ever in the Pacific, second only to the finding of the Titanic in the Atlantic. The Japanese midget sub was one of five attached to five I-class mother submarines and brought from Japan to be launched 5-6 hours before the aerial attack, within a few miles of Pearl Harbor. Each had a crew of two. The subs were battery powered , 78 feet long , 6 feet in diameter and weighed 46 tons. They carried two torpedoes and a scuttling charge to avoid capture. Although experimental in design, they were very advanced for the time. For short periods, they could run at 20 knots. These midget submarines were completed only months before the attack allowing little time for the crews to train. All of the five submarines comprising the advanced attack force were sunk or captured. The type A midget submarines had a series of basic design problems including trim and ballast control and problems both with battery life and battery monitoring. Later redesign, as five man midget submarines of the Koryu class, addressed but did not solve these problems. The Japanese midget submarines although believed at the time to be a potent secret weapon, in actual fact, were never highly effective. So far four of the five original midget submarines attacking Pearl Harbor have been found.
History

The discovery of the midget submarine confirms the account radioed to naval command at Pearl Harbor at 6:45 am on Dec. 7, 1941 . A Japanese submarine was shot through the conning tower and then depth charged trying to enter Pearl Harbor behind the USS Antares. The crew of the attacking USS Ward , an older style four stack destroyer, saw the midget sub lifted out of the water by depth charges after firing the fatal shot from its four inch side gun. The Ward's crew were Naval reservists from St. Paul, Minnesota. Unfortunately, Naval command in Pearl Harbor ignored the Ward's report and the aerial attack began at 8 am. At the Pearl Harbor investigation, some question was made of the accuracy of the Ward's report. The Ward is now vindicated. The Ward itself was later targeted by the Japanese and sunk in a kamikaze attack, ironically on Dec. 7, 1944, in the Philippines.
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On 20 December 1941, 25 miles west of Cape Mendocino, the Imperial Japanese Navy's I-17 shells and then fires two torpedoes at the 6, 912-ton Socony-Vacuum oil company tanker EMIDIO returning empty from Seattle to San Francisco. A patrolling PBY "Catalina" flying boat of Patrol Squadron (VP) 44 spots the EMIDIO dead in the water with people going over the sides and getting into lifeboats. The PBY also spots the I-17 on the surface and starts an attack. As depth charges are dropped, Commander Nishino Kozo dives and makes his escape. The EMIDIO, hit in the stern, does not sink. She is finally run aground off Crescent City, California, 85 miles north of where she was torpedoed. The Coast Guard Cutter SHAWNEE rescues 31 survivors.
That same day, Headquarters, Combined Fleet's Intelligence Bureau learns of the pending arrival of the battleships USS MISSISSIPPI, NEW MEXICO and the IDAHO on the West Coast. Vice Admiral Shimizu orders the I-17 along with the I-9 and the I-25 to intercept the battleships that are expected to arrive at Los Angeles on 25 December.
The July 1998 issue of World War II Magazine printed a story titled, West Coast War Zone (http://history1900s.about.com/library/prm/blwestcoastwarzone1.htm) by Donald J. Young. The following is an extract of that article dealing with this attack:

On December 20, two days after his attack on Samoa, Captain Nishino got his second chance at an American merchantman. Around 1:30 that afternoon, the Socony-Vacuum Oil Company's tanker Emidio, returning empty from Seattle to San Francisco, was about 20 miles off Cape Mendocino when a report came down to the captain that a sub had been sighted about a quarter of a mile off the stern and was closing.
Captain Clark Farrow, after first attempting to outrun the enemy raider, ordered "full speed, and dumped ballast, but...had no chance to escape. We were rapidly overtaken. The sub was making 20 knots. I tried to get behind her but [the sub] reversed course and kept after us."
Realizing the situation was hopeless, Farrow ordered his radio operator, W.S. Foote, to send an SOS, which he did, accompanied by the words, "Under attack by enemy sub." No sooner had the message been tapped out over the wireless than I-17 opened up with its deck gun, the first shot carrying away the radio antenna. Two more shots from the sub struck Emidio, one of which destroyed one of the lifeboats hanging in its davits on deck.
Farrow stopped the engines and hoisted a white flag, then ordered the crew to take to the lifeboats. "Three of the crew--R.W. Pennington, Fred Potts and Stuart McGillivray--were attempting to launch one of the boats when a shell struck it, spilling them into the water," said one of the crewmen later. "Other lifeboats were put over the side to search for the three missing men, but we couldn't find them."
With the exception of four men still on board and the three lost over the side, the remaining members of the 36-man crew quickly rowed away from the imperiled ship. About 10 minutes later, after a parting shot in the direction of the lifeboats, I-17 abruptly submerged. A couple of minutes later the reason for its sudden disappearance became apparent. "It may have been 10 or 15 minutes after the SOS when two U.S. bombers came roaring overhead from the coast," said Farrow later. "To us in the lifeboats it was a welcome sight. One of the two planes, circling where the sub had gone down, dropped a depth charge. We couldn't tell if it hit it or not."
The depth charge did not damage the sub. On board I-17, in fact, Captain Nishino had decided to risk attack from the American planes in order to take one torpedo shot at the abandoned tanker.
"We were still looking at where the sub went down," continued Farrow, "when we saw its periscope slowly push up above the surface. While still partially submerged it fired a torpedo from 200 yards. We could see the trail as it sped straight for the ship. It struck with a loud explosion."
On board Emidio, radioman Foote, who had quickly jury-rigged another antenna, was just preparing to send a second SOS when the torpedo hit. Undaunted by the blast, the dutiful wireless operator tapped out his SOS, added the words "Torpedoed in the stern," then calmly made his way to the main deck and jumped overboard.
The other men, oiler B.F. Moler, fireman Kenneth Kimes and 3rd engineer R.A. Winters--who had either ignored the order to abandon ship or were unaware of it--were still at their stations in the engine room when the torpedo struck. Astoundingly, Moler saw it penetrate the engine room bulkhead and pass so close to him that, as he told an examining medical officer the next day at the Eureka naval section base, "I could have reached out and touched it. It exploded on the other side of the engine room and killed Kimes and Winters outright." Despite three broken ribs and a punctured lung, Moler "somehow swam and climbed up to the upper deck and jumped overboard." Both Moler and Foote were picked up by the lifeboats.
"Back came the planes as the sub sank out of sight again," continued Farrow. "One of them dropped another depth charge. There was a big blast and plenty of smoke. That may have hit her, we figured, for we didn't see her again." Once again, however, the sub escaped damage. On February 23, 1942, I-17 would shell the Ellwood Oil Company refinery, 10 miles north of Santa Barbara--the first enemy shells to land on the continental United States in World War II.
Despite the torpedo hit, Emidio did not sink. Several days later, in fact, she ran aground on a pile of rocks off Crescent City, Calif., an amazing 85 miles north of where she had been torpedoed. The 31 survivors of the stricken ship rowed their lifeboats for 16 hours and 20 miles through a driving rainstorm until they were picked up by a Coast Guard lightship a few miles off Humbolt Bay.
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All schools conducted air raid drills and alerts. America was not actually attacked, but everyone had seen newsreels of Japanese bombing raids on Chimese cities (especially Shangahi) and German bombing of European cities (Warsaw, Rotterdam, London, and other English cities). If the War had lasted longer, the Germans would have also targeted American cities. At school children line-up and dutifully followed their teacher into the hallway and sat down against the wall. Often mothers volunteered to help at school as School Defense Aids (SDAs). Some parents would also pratice air raid drills at home. Families would hide underneath kitchen or diningroom tables. The Government advised each family to have an emergency supplies for possible air raids. These supplies included blankets, candles, matches, canned foods and water. After the surprise Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, there was great fear in California of a followup air raid along the west coast. The lights from east coast cities proved very iseful in silohuetting ships for German U-boats. Strict black out regulations were introduced. Children often helped their families to inspect the blackout curtains to make sure that they were properly in place each night.
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December 7, 1941 with the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and its military facilities the world fabric, as we knew it came apart at the seams overnight. Barely 20 years passed since WWI came to a close. Sept. 1, 1939 Germany invaded Poland and destroyed its Air Force in a few days. For two long years England’s young pilots had been flying combat against Germany’s bombers and fighters.

Upon hearing radio reports and seeing newspaper headlines thousands of men reported to Army recruiting offices to sign up. The call for experienced fliers went out but it was a call left unanswered with respect to immediate mobilization of pilots in numbers. Post-Depression America in 1939-1940 had a pitifully small and woefully under equipped Air Corps consisting of antiquated aircraft like the Stearman and Brewster Buffalo biplanes and few uniformed instructors. Airfields in use at the time were small and few USAAF facilities were initially earmarked or built for mass pilot training. Another problem became glaringly apparent after a few months of aerial combat. US pilots were up against the Axis' best trained and most experienced pilots. These deficiencies were about to change in short order.
The Western Technical Training Command was established for training of aircrew and ground mechanics to order to fly and service B-17s and other aircraft. Overnight the small towns of Phoenix, Yuma and Kingman, AZ became centers for training Allied airmen owing to excellent flying weather and interior security. Luke Field and Falcon Army Air Field in Phoenix were a mecca for US Aviation Cadets. Under Gen. Hap Arnold and Jimmy Doolittle the new Army Air Force took shape. Recognizing the need for combat skills and tight bomber organization experienced British and Canadian fliers advised and assisted the fledgling Army Air Force in getting airborne.

From Civilian to Qualified Pilot
The typical WWII pilot had limited or no experience with aircraft prior to his ETO service. Depending on the nature of being selected as Pilot [AVCAD] Bombardier, or Navigator, the service schools generally ran eight - ten weeks. Between schools, transfers and reporting for duty the normal bomber pilot evolution was approximately eight months in duration. Some cadet candidates with civil flight experience came from private colleges or universities and progressed through the system with many becoming senior officers and base unit commanders at a young age. One of the 351st BG Squadron Commanders, Col. Hatcher, was 26 yrs. old.
With the end of the war in sight, the USAAF cadet-training pipeline began filling up and then slowed to a crawl. Most flight schools and academies ceased training operations within a year with the last airmen graduating in December 1944.
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Before achieving his greatest fame in the 1950s as television's "Robin Hood", handsome Richard Greene had a significant if largely unremarkable film career, turning in several skillful leading man performances in the late 1930s before becoming type-cast in routine costume adventures. Like his friendly rival, Tyrone Power, Greene's good looks aided his entry into films but ultimately proved detrimental to his development as a film actor.

A descendant of four generations of film actors, and the grandson of film pioneer William Friese-Greene, Richard Marius Joseph Greene seemed destined for a career as a movie actor. Born August 25, 1918 (Some sources list his birth-date as 1914) in the port city of Plymouth, Devonshire, England, Greene was educated at the Cardinal Vaughn School in Kensington. At an early age, he became determined to pursue the acting profession, making his stage debut in 1933 at the Old Vic as a spear carrier in a production of William Shakespeare's "Julius Caesar". By this time, the formerly gawky teenager was rapidly maturing into an exceedingly good-looking young man with an athletic build, dark wavy hair, and a pleasant speaking voice. So handsome was he, in between acting gigs, supplanted his income as a shirt and hat model.

After a small role in a 1934 revival of "Journey's End and a bit part in the British musical film, Sing As We Go (1934), Greene joined the Brandon Thomas Repertory Company in 1936, traveling the length and breadth of the British Isles in a variety of productions. His first major break came in 1936 when he won accolades on the London stage as the juvenile lead in Terence Rattigan's "French Without Tears", which brought him to the attention of Alexander Korda then Darryl F. Zanuck. Fox signed the youngster in January, 1938, brought him to America, and immediately cast him in his first film: as the youngest of four brothers in John Ford's Four Men and a Prayer (1938). His excellent reviews and camera-friendly physical appearance (which inspired mountains of fan mail from adoring feminine moviegoers) convinced Zanuck to rush Greene into a series of top-notch films which showed him to advantage and might have been the springboard to more substantive roles and super-stardom had fate and World War II not intervened.

Greene gave several notable performances as a Fox contractor. He was a banker's son-turned-horse trainer in the popular horse-breeding epic, Kentucky (1938), a murdered baronet's son in the eerie "Sherlock Holmes" mystery, The Hound of the Baskervilles (1939), a college student estranged from his alcoholic father in Here I Am a Stranger (1939), and steamboat inventor Robert Fulton in the fanciful historical drama, Little Old New York (1940). At the peak of his popularity, with a growing resume of critically-acclaimed film work, and fan mail rivaling Fox's number one heartthrob, Tyrone Power, Greene abandoned his studio contract in 1940 and returned to his homeland to aid in the war effort: an admirable personal decision which would have negative professional consequences. Enlisting in the Royal Armoured Corps of the Twenty-Seventh Lancers, he distinguished himself throughout World War II, eventually becoming a captain. He was discharged in December, 1944. During the war, he was given three furloughs to appear in three British propaganda features. After the conflict ended, Greene and his young bride, beautiful British actress, Patricia Medina (whom he married in 1941) remained in England for a time, where both appeared on stage and in British movies. Richard's films included the charming comedy, Don't Take It to Heart (1944), and the disappointing biopic, Showtime (1946).
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Anxious to contribute to the war effort, in 1940 Montgomery made an unpublicized visit to
France, much to M-G-M's consternation, where he volunteered and drove an ambulance for
several weeks. Upon returning to the United States, he and friend and fellow actor Douglas
Fairbanks, Jr. determined to enlist in the service. Montgomery and Fairbanks applied for a
commision in the U.S. Naval Reserve. Montgomery was sent to the Intelligence Section in
the map room of the U.S. Naval Attache's office in London where he worked as an assistant.
He then returned to the U.S. where he was assigned to set up a naval operations room in
the White House.
Due to his military service, Montgomery was unable to attend the Febraruy 1942
Academy Award ceremony in which he was nominated as Best Actor for (http://www.earlofhollywood.com/HereComesMrJordan.html) Here Comes MR. Jordan . The oscar that year went to Gary Cooper (for Sergeant York.)
In 1942 Montgomery saw action at Noumea, Espiritu Santo, Guadalcanal and New
Georgia and was operations officer aboard a destroyer during the D-day invasion of
France. He also commanded a P.T. boat in the South Pacific.
Among the military honors bestowed upon Montgomery were the Bronze Star and being
decorated as a Chevalier in the French Legion of Honor. Montgomery was retired from the
Navy with the rank of commander.
When Montgomery returned to the U.S. in 1944 he had a serious case of tropical fever,
but recovered enough to accept his first acting role in three years.
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Sensing America's eventual involvement in the war in Europe, Stewart enlisted in the armed forces in March 1941. An avid pilot in civilian life, he was assigned to the Air Corps and logged more than 1,800 hours of flight time in bomber missions. Before he returned to civilian life in 1945, he had risen to the rank of colonel and had been decorated several times. His first film upon returning to Hollywood was Capra's It's a Wonderful Life (1946), for which Stewart received his third Oscar nomination. Though the film generated mediocre box office at the time of its release, it has since become one of the most beloved films of all time, largely because of its numerous television showings since the 1970s. In 1999 it ranked 11th on the American Film Institute's list of the 100 greatest movies of all time.
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David Niven was named after the Saint's Day on which he was born, St. David, patron Saint of Wales. He attended Stowe School and Sandhurst Military Academy and served for two years in Malta with the Highland Light Infantry. At the outbreak of World War II, although a top-line star, he re-joined the army (Rifle Brigade). He did, however, consent to play in two films during the war, both of strong propaganda value--Spitfire (1942) and The Way Ahead (1944). In spite of six years' virtual absence from the screen, he came in second in the 1945 Popularity Poll of British film stars. On his return to Hollywood after the war he was made a Legionnaire of the Order of Merit (the highest American order that can be earned by an alien). This was presented to Lt. Col. David Niven by Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower.
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1942 saw many changes, one was the use of what was called 'para pups. These were the dogs that went with the airborne army and the SAS. Their job was to work with the soldiers and give warnings and sniff out a variety of dangers. Rob was such a dog in all he did twelve jumps behind enemy lines with his SAS handler.
By now the value of the four footed soldiers was evident. By May 1944, 7,000 dogs had passed through the training school. They were sent to all areas where soldiers dealt with conflict; their stories of bravery are legendary.
As in all such stories, the dogs with the soldiers, shared in the fatalities and injuries. The first dog to be killed was Bobbie. Bobbie was a white Alsatian; he ran messages while in France between military units. A vital job given to only the trusted dogs. He was killed by German machine gun fire. After darkness fell, a sergeant major and three men went out and carried Bobbie's body back to their lines. He was buried with full military honours. Such was the bond that developed between men and dog.
While dogs were serving their country abroad, many were showing their skill and courage by joining the search and rescue parties that desperately tried to find trapped casualties after a wave of vicious bombing.
Such a dog was Fluff whose home was destroyed but she managed to scratch her way out and summon help for her family.
Peggy, a Wire Fox Terrier rescued a woman and child.
Chum, an Airedale dug a passage to a woman so she could breath an prevent her being gassed by toxic fumes.


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Jackie Coogan was born into a family of vaudevillians where his father was a dancer and his mother had been a child star. On the stage by four, Jackie was touring at the age of five with his family in Los Angeles, California.

While performing on the stage, he was spotted by Charles Chaplin, who then and there planned a movie in which he and Jackie would star. To test Jackie, Chaplin first gave him a small part in A Day's Pleasure (1919), which proved that he had a screen presence. The movie that Chaplin planned that day was The Kid (1921), where the Tramp would raise Jackie and then lose him. The movie was very successful and Jackie would play a child in a number of movies and tour with his father on the stage.

By 1923, when he made Daddy (1923), he was one of the highest paid stars in Hollywood. He would leave First National for MGM where they put him into Long Live the King (1923). By 1927, at the age of 13, Coogan had grown up on the screen and his career was starting to go through a downturn. His popular film career would end with the classic tales of Tom Sawyer (1930) and Huckleberry Finn (1931).

In 1935, his father died and his mother married Arthur Bernstein, who was his business manager. When he wanted the money that he made as a child star in the 1920s, his mother and stepfather refused his request and Jackie filed suit for the approximately $4 million that he had made. Under California law at the time, he had no rights to the money he made as a child, and he was awarded only $126,000 in 1939. Because of the public uproar, the California Legislature passed the Child Actors Bill, also known as the Coogan Act, which would set up a trust fund for any child actor and protect his earnings.

In 1937, Jackie married Betty Grable and the marriage lasted for three years. During World War II, he would serve in the army and return to Hollywood after the war. Unable to restart his career, he worked in B-movies, mostly in bit parts and usually playing the heavy. It was in the 1950s that he started appearing on television and he acted in as many shows as he could. By the 1960s, he would be in two completely different television series, but both were comedies. The first one was "McKeever & the Colonel" (1962), where he played Sgt. Barnes in a military school from 1962 to 1963. The second series was the classic "The Addams Family" (1964), where he played Uncle Fester opposite Gomez and Morticia from 1964 to 1966. After that, he would continue making appearances on a number of television shows and a handful of movies. He died of a heart attack in 1984.

did you know ?
Volunteered for military service BEFORE Pearl Harbor. Jackie had a premonition of things to come?!

"Coogan enlisted in the US Army in March 1941. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, he requested a transfer to US Army Air Forces as a glider pilot because of his civilian flying experience. After graduating from glider school, he was made a Flight Officer and he volunteered for hazardous duty with the 1st Air Commando Group (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Air_Commando_Group). In December 1943, the unit was sent to India. He flew British troops, the Chindits, under General Orde Wingate on 5 March 1944, landing them at night in a small jungle clearing 100 miles behind Japanese lines in the Burma campaign."
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The Manila Cathedral is inside Intramuros and this is the second most visited sight in for those embarking on Manila travel. The Cathedral is a working place of worship today and though it has had to be rebuilt and refurbished many times over the centuries it remains a beautiful and very historical building.
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now
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the threat of sabotage leads to Executive Order 9066 is signed by Roosevelt which authorized the transfer of more than 100,000 German, Italian and Japanese-Americans living in coastal Pacific areas to internment camps in various inland states. Those interned lose an estimated 400 million dollars in property when their homes and possessions are confiscated.
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Confederate Flag


The 9th Battalion Louisiana Infantry, like most Confederate units, probably had several different types of battle flags during its operational existence. The flag used by the battalion in the Battle of Baton Rouge was captured by the 6th Michigan Infantry. That flag survived the war and was returned by the State of Michigan to the State of Louisiana on 21 September 1942. Unfortunately the current location of the flag is unknown and no description of it has been found. No other flags used by the 9th are known to have survived the war.
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The 9th Battalion Louisiana Infantry was formed when Companies A, B, and C and Jones' cavalry company were mustered into service as part of Stewart's Legion. They moved to Jackson, Mississippi, where General Mansfield Lovell ordered them to Camp Moore in Tangipahoa, Louisiana. There the companies were organized as the 9th Battalion on 15 May 1862. In early July, Company D was added to the battalion but remained in Ponchatoula. The other companies of the battalion fought in the Battle of Baton Rouge on 5 August 1862. Their casualties were five killed, 27 wounded and 17 missing in action. The 6th Michigan Infantry captured the battalion's colors during the fighting. After the battle, the men camped on the Comite River. They occupied Baton Rouge when the enemy evacuated the city last in the month. Company D joined the battalion around this time, When the Federals reoccupied the town in December, the battalion moved to Port Hudson. There the men did guard and picket duty and assisted in the construction of earthworks. One source says they battalion was stationed at Clinton, Louisiana for a brief period in early 1863. In early May 1863, the battalion left Port Hudson on its way to Jackson, Mississippi, but returned when the Federals began moving against Port Hudson. Then men fought in the siege, 23 May-9 July 1863 and occupied part of the trenches on the Confederate right flank, a position known as The Citadel. After the surrender, the men went home on parole. The cavalry company had remained outside the lines during the siege, and it became part of a temporary cavalry battalion commanded by Captain John B. Cage. In early 1864, the remnants of the battalion were consolidated into one company, mounted, and attached to Gober's Louisiana Mounted Infantry.

Companies and Officers:

LIEUTENANT COLONEL. Samuel Boyd, retired because of wounds received 5 August 1862.
MAJORS. Thomas Bynum, resigned 2 May 1863; Bolling R. Chinn, acting.
Companies and Their Commanders
Company A, Campaigners (Baton Rouge). Thomas Bynum, promoted major 13 September 1862; William L. Burnett, died 7 August 1863; T. Winthrop Brown.
Company B, Baton Rouge Invincibles (East Baton Rouge). Thomas J. Buffington, appointed surgeon 15 September 1862; B.F. Burnett.
Company C, Lemmon Guards (East Baton Rouge). Bolling R. Chinn.
Company D, Caruthers Sharpshooters (Livingston). William D.L. McRae, resigned November 5, 1862; Alfred Bradley.
Cavalry Company, Plains Store Rangers (East Baton Rouge). John W. Jones, resigned 30 October 1862; Gilbert C. Mills
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Withdrawal to Bataan and Corregidor

By 23 December 1941, General MacArthur clearly understood the impending disaster. MacArthur had about 60,000 unreliable Philippine troops, 11,000 better trained Philippine Scouts, and 19,000 Americans against Homma's hardened and well equipped force descending upon them. MacArthur notified all force commanders on the night of 23 December that "WPO-3 is in effect," a return to the original Plan ORANGE concept. To deny the Japanese victory over his troops, he ordered the withdrawal of forces on Luzon to the Bataan Peninsula, a tongue of land in southwest Luzon forming the northwestern boundary of Manila Bay (See map at top of page). Manila was declared an open city on 26 December to spare its destruction, but the Japanese bombed and shelled it anyway.
MacArthur's headquarters was transferred to the tiny fortified island of Corregidor, south of Bataan in Manila Bay, on Christmas Eve. Next morning, Christmas Day, Headquarters USAFFE opened on Corregidor and MacArthur reported his new position to Washington. Maj. Gen. Jonathan M. Wainwright remained on Luzon, commanding the ground force.
The withdrawal to Bataan proceeded quickly and in remarkably good order, streaming in from all parts of Luzon. Near the town of San Fernando, all forces had to pass through a single intersection and down one narrow road to reach the Bataan peninsula. By sheer good luck, the Japanese failed to take advantage of their air superiority to attack the defenders at this vulnerable choke point. Wainwright staged a tough ground defense at San Fernando, holding the line to allow an orderly movement of all troops into Bataan by 6 January 1942.
The hasty withdrawal left most supplies and equipment behind, supplies that had been dispersed from their original depots in Bataan and Corregidor to support MacArthur's broad defense plan. Now with trucks in short supply, roads congested, and time short, resupply of the Bataan and Corregidor strongholds was impossible. The resulting lack of food, ammunition, weapons, and medical supplies would prove to be the critical factors in the coming months.

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Although General Douglas MacArthur was informed of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor nine hours before Japanese bombers struck at the Philippines, the commander of the United States Army and Air forces in the Philippines was paralysed by indecision and failed to bring his command to a state of readiness to meet the clear threat of a Japanese attack. His air power was destroyed on the ground by Japanese bombers. With no air support, the United States Asiatic Fleet was forced to withdraw from Philippine waters. The inexcusable neglect of his duty by MacArthur compromised the defence of the Philippines from the first day. His troops were left in a hopeless position without air or naval support. Although many would believe that he deserved to be removed from command for grave neglect of duty, MacArthur was able to arrange for the President of the United States to transfer him to a new command in Australia before his exhausted and starving troops were forced to surrender to the Japanese. When safe in Australia with his staff officers, MacArthur refused to allow his abandoned troops to surrender, and ordered them to fight to the end.
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A change occurred in 1917, when the United States entered World War I. After declaring war, President Woodrow Wilson ordered the American Red Cross to raise funds to support its aid to the military and civilians affected by war, as Congress had mandated. In response, the Red Cross held its first national War Fund drive in June 1917 and set as its goal $100 million, an astoundingly large sum at the time. The public response was immediate and overwhelming.




After the War, the Red Cross decided to make the Roll Call an annual membership and fundraising drive. In addition, it conducted special appeals from time to time in response to major disasters. In November 1941, with war in Europe, the Red Cross conducted a highly successful 25th Annual Roll Call. A few days later, the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor and the United States entered World War II. The American Red Cross responded immediately by declaring a War Fund campaign. By June 1942, it had raised more than $66 million.
In 1942, President Franklin D. Roosevelt declared the month of March 1943 as “Red Cross Month.” The Red Cross set a goal of $125 million, the largest amount ever requested in one campaign by any American organization. Again, the response was overwhelming. It took less than six weeks to reach the target. By June 1943, donations totaled nearly $146 million. Roosevelt called it "the greatest single crusade of mercy in all of history."
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On the morning of December 7, 1941, Japanese forces attacked the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. The surprise attack destroyed much of the United States' fleet
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The nine crewmen to die in the five midget submarines that attacked Pearl Harbor were the first members of Japan's Special Attack Forces. The phrase "special attack" in Japanese indicates the suicidal nature of their mission, and much later in the war the Special Attack Forces included other suicidal weapons such as kamikaze planes, kaiten human torpedoes, and explosive motorboats. Admiral Yamamoto wanted provisions to be made for the rescue of the midget sub crews, and the mother submarines that carried the midgets were to wait at a rendezvous point seven miles west of Lanai. However, the designation of the five midget subs as a Special Attack Flotilla and the crewmen's writing of last letters to their families showed that they had almost no hope of survival.
Kazuo Sakamaki felt that he had failed in his responsibilities. Upon his capture, he said that he wanted to commit suicide as the honorable act for a Japanese Naval officer, and he wrote on December 14, 1941, as part of a long letter, "Thus I betrayed the expectations of our 100,000,000 (people) and became a sad prisoner of war disloyal to my country." Before getting his POW photograph, he pressed a lit cigarette into his cheeks and branded six small circles on his skin making the shape of a triangle on each cheek. He stayed in various POW camps on the mainland U.S. until the end of WWII. After the end of the war, Sakamaki joined Toyota as a clerk and eventually became an executive and the head of Toyota's subsidiary in Brazil.
The nine midget submarine crewmen who died were promoted two ranks and were honored as war gods. The Japanese propaganda machine could make public the previously unknown secret weapon since Sakamaki's midget had been captured. Many Japanese Naval leaders had been against deployment of the midget submarines, since they could have alerted Americans of an impending attack. Despite the glory bestowed by the Japanese press on the Special Attack Flotilla members for their heroics at Pearl Harbor, they had little or no battle success even though Japanese propagandists attributed battleship USS Arizona's sinking to a torpedo fired from one midget submarine. In the book's last chapter, Burlingame summarizes the reasons for the midgets' lack of success: "The midget submarines failed at Pearl Harbor due to a triple-punch. Their own inexperience and too-brief training period, Pearl Harbor's difficult waterways and the alert, dogged response of American destroyers mitigated against success."
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U.S. Personnel Casualties
Service Killed Wounded Total
Navy 2008 710 2718
Army 218 364 582
Marines 109 69 178
Civilians 68 35 103

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Laid down in December 1919 as a Clemson Class Destroyer, USS Truxtun commissioned into US Navy service in February 1921 and joined the US Atlantic Fleet at Newport Rhode Island. Serving for a just over a year in the Atlantic Fleet, the Truxtun and her Destroyer Squadron were reassigned to the US Asiatic Fleet based at Chefoo China in late 1922, and would spend the next seventeen years operating in Far Eastern and Pacific waters.

The worsening political situation in Europe and in the Far East prompted the Truxtun's return to the mainland US in April 1939, and after steaming through the Panama Canal she rejoined the US Atlantic Fleet at Norfolk and immediately commenced operations as part of the Neutrality Patrol. Following the outbreak of war in Europe and the resultant downfall of much of Western Europe to Nazi Germany, the Truxtun began escorting Allied convoys along the Eastern seaboard and in 1941 she began escorting convoys from New England and Canadian ports via Argentia to Reykjavík, Iceland. Following America's entrance into WWII in December 1941, the Truxtun underwent a hasty refit in Norfolk and departed on her first wartime convoy to Reykjavík on Christmas Day 1941.

Departing Reykjavík on January 19th, 1942 escorting Convoy ON-57, the Truxtun and her fellow escorts saw their charges safely across the U-Boat infested North Atlantic and arrived off Placentia Bay on February 17th. The approach to Newfoundland was hampered by the North Atlantic, as a gale with Hurricane-force winds and enormous waves lashed the ships as they attempted to navigate into the protected waters of the bay. Truxtun and her fellow Destroyer USS Wilkes (DD-441) battled the swell and winds as they guided the empty Stores Ship USS Pollux (AKS-2) towards Argentia through the night and into the early morning of February 18th, but the weather continued to worsen as the ships neared shore. In the darkness, wind and surf the three ships became separated as they turned to enter the bay, exposing their broadsides to the full fury of the storm. With her radio mast carried away by the sea and her and wireless gear barely functioning, the Truxtun's crew relied on dead reckoning to navigate into the harbor as their ship was lashed by the wind and seas and struggled to make headway.

Shortly before 0400hrs on February 18th, lookouts on the Truxtun sighted what appeared to be waves breaking on rocks to her Port side, but could not be certain. Her Captain, LCDR Ralph Hickox was informed and ordered the ships searchlights turned on to verify the reports. Crews labored to climb the ships superstructure to her main searchlights and when they finally flipped on at 0408, the crew was shocked to see the shoreline of Chambers Cove only a few hundred yards away. Her Captain ordered the engines to full reverse, but it was too late; at 0410hrs the Truxtun ran hard aground at this location and was quickly spun broadside to the enormous waves rolling into the shoreline.

Almost immediately the Veteran Destroyer began to break up from the force of the seas and the damage to her hull and the order to abandon ship was quickly passed. Crewmen struggled to launch what remained of the ship's life rafts as her lifeboats had been either damaged or destroyed by the weather and within half an hour of the grounding a group of sailors had made it to shore and then split up and trekked inland to find help. Some four hours later and despite the darkness and terrible weather conditions the people of Lawn and St. Lawrence along with workers of the Iron Springs Mine had erected a breeches buoy to the wrecked Truxtun, which had since split in half on the rocks, and began removing the surviving crew. By this time the cold, foul weather and time had taken its toll on the crew, as 110 men, including her Captain, had either succumbed to hypothermia or died trying to swim ashore.

By noon on February 18th and with the weather still lashing the wreck, the rescue effort was called off and the wreck of the Truxtun left to its fate. Within a month, the North Atlantic had broken the ship to pieces in Chambers Cove where she remains today.
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Birth: Sep. 4, 1916
Bladen County
North Carolina, USADeath: Mar. 5, 1943, French Polynesiahttp://www.findagrave.com/icons2/trans.gif
Hailing from the tiny community of Ivanhoe in the southern tip of Sampson County, then Ensign Frank Moore "Fuzzy" Fisler served as a navy pilot with patrol squadron VP-51. On December 30, 1941, only twenty-three days after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, Fisler was on patrol in a seaplane when his crew spotted men floating in the rough seas below. Unsure of the stranded men's nationality, and realizing the dangers involved in trying to land in rough seas, Fisler radioed his headquarters at Pearl Harbor requesting permission to attempt a rescue. Due to the risks involved, officials at the base denied permission. Fisler asked his crew members if they wanted to leave the men to drown or risk their own lives in an attempt to rescue them. They wanted to try saving the men. Miraculously, Fisler's plane was not torn to bits or swamped when it landed on the turbulent seas. Using a small rubber boat, the rescuers spent three dangerous hours picking up the nine men, who turned out to be the crew of an American bomber. The weight of the extra men made it a challenge for the heavily overloaded seaplane to take off. By another miracle, it got airborne and landed safely back at base. Thought to have received the first Navy Cross of World War II, Fisler personally received his medal at Pearl Harbor from Admiral
Chester Nimitz. Fisler lost his life on a bombing mission in March 1943. His body was never recovered and a memorial stone is located in Ivanhoe Presbyterian Church Cemetery in Ivanhoe NC



Nimitz having just presented Navy Cross award to Ensign Fisler aboard USS Grayling, Pearl Harbor, US Territory of Hawaii, 31 Dec 1941; Admiral Kimmel at right
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a surprise attack by four US Navy destroyers on a Japanese invasion fleet off the coast of Borneo. This battle is sometimes referred to as the Battle of Makassar Strait, and so it is often confused with another Battle of Makassar Strait that took place in February 1942, though not actually in Makassar Strait. That Battle of Makassar Strait took place in the Bali Sea, so naturally it is also known as the Action of Madura Strait. Or the Action North of Lombok Strait. Or the Battle of the Flores Sea. The obvious confusion in the naming of the battles around Borneo reflects the chaos and confusion in the weeks following the Japanese attacks throughout the Pacific in December 1941. It also represents the widespread lack of knowledge of Pacific geography. Most people couldn’t find Borneo on a map in 1942.
Most people can’t find Borneo on a map today.
The battle came about after a US submarine spotted a Japanese invasion fleet headed towards Borneo, which at the time was a Dutch colony. An American surface force of two cruisers and four destroyers under the command of Rear Admiral William Glassford was dispatched to destroy the Japanese transports, but they immediately ran into trouble. The USS Boise, Glassford’s flagship, hit an uncharted rock and had to turn back. He transferred to the USS Marblehead, but that ship soon developed engine trouble and had to turn back as well. So the destroyers John D. Ford, Pope, Parrott and Paul Jones were left to make the attack on their own.
They caught the Japanese convoy at anchor and completely by surprise. The four destroyers fired all of their torpedoes in a single pass and departed before Japanese escorts could retaliate. At no cost to themselves, the four US destroyers sank four Japanese transports and a patrol boat.
Although the American victory in the Battle of Balikpapan made for uplifting headlines, it was of negligible value. Strategically, it was a loss for the Allies. Although four Japanese transports were sunk, they were all empty, having already landed their troops. Borneo and its rich oilfields fell to the Japanese soon after the battle.
Tactically, the Battle of Balikpapan proved to be a fluke. A victory by US Navy surface forces, at night, involving torpedoes that actually worked was a rare thing in 1942. American training before World War II had put little emphasis on night operations, while the Japanese had refined night combat to an art. Likewise, American torpedoes soon developed a reputation for failure due to faulty components, while the Japanese Long Lance torpedo was unequaled for range and hitting power throughout the war.
The confidence gained in this victory was to be shattered by a string of defeats in night battles at the hands of the Imperial Japanese Navy, culminating in the disastrous Battle of Savo Island in August 1942. Starting from Balikpapan, it would take the US Navy nearly a year to master naval combat at night, and even longer still to produce reliable torpedoes.
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Mr. Vice President, Mr. Speaker, members of the Senate and the House of Representatives:
Yesterday, December 7th, 1941 - a date which will live in infamy - the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan.
The United States was at peace with that nation, and, at the solicitation of Japan, was still in conversation with its government and its Emperor looking toward the maintenance of peace in the Pacific.
Indeed, one hour after Japanese air squadrons had commenced bombing in the American island of Oahu, the Japanese Ambassador to the United States and his colleague delivered to our Secretary of State a formal reply to a recent American message. And, while this reply stated that it seemed useless to continue the existing diplomatic negotiations, it contained no threat or hint of war or of armed attack.
It will be recorded that the distance of Hawaii from Japan makes it obvious that the attack was deliberately planned many days or even weeks ago. During the intervening time the Japanese Government has deliberately sought to deceive the United States by false statements and expressions of hope for continued peace.
The attack yesterday on the Hawaiian Islands has caused severe damage to American naval and military forces. I regret to tell you that very many American lives have been lost. In addition, American ships have been reported torpedoed on the high seas between San Francisco and Honolulu.
Yesterday the Japanese Government also launched an attack against Malaya.
Last night Japanese forces attacked Hong Kong.
Last night Japanese forces attacked Guam.
Last night Japanese forces attacked the Philippine Islands.
Last night the Japanese attacked Wake Island.
And this morning the Japanese attacked Midway Island.
Japan has therefore undertaken a surprise offensive extending throughout the Pacific area. The facts of yesterday and today speak for themselves. The people of the United States have already formed their opinions and well understand the implications to the very life and safety of our nation.
As Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy I have directed that all measures be taken for our defense, that always will our whole nation remember the character of the onslaught against us.
No matter how long it may take us to overcome this premeditated invasion, the American people, in their righteous might, will win through to absolute victory.
I believe that I interpret the will of the Congress and of the people when I assert that we will not only defend ourselves to the uttermost but will make it very certain that this form of treachery shall never again endanger us.
Hostilities exist. There is no blinking at the fact that our people, our territory and our interests are in grave danger.
With confidence in our armed forces, with the unbounding determination of our people, we will gain the inevitable triumph. So help us God.
I ask that the Congress declare that since the unprovoked and dastardly attack by Japan on Sunday, December 7th, 1941, a state of war has existed between the United States and the Japanese Empire.
President Franklin D. Roosevelt - December 8, 1941

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On May 3, General Wainwright sent a message to MacArthur in Australia: “Situation here is fast becoming desperate.” It was not long after this message that the Japanese staged their main invasion. On May 5, they began their approach to the shores of Corregidor. They miscalculated which direction the wind and tide would take them, and ended up far from their intended landing area. The Americans gave them hell by firing their rifles, machine guns, and when they got close, delivering point-blank artillery fire. That was, however, only the first wave of Japanese; they had shipped many more men to take over the base. The Americans tried desperately to counterattack, but when Japanese tanks entered the fray, their fate became apparent.
On May 6 at noon, Wainwright made the decision to surrender Corregidor, because of the lack of supplies and the losing battle. Bleakly, the American flag was lowered and replaced with a white flag. He made sure to radio General Sharp of the Visayan-Mindanao Force to let him know he was releasing command of the Visayas and Mindanao islands to him. That made it possible for Wainwright to surrender only Corregidor. That way, the resistance could continue in the south. He conveyed the report to President Roosevelt, “with head bowed in sadness but not in shame,” that he was surrendering Corregidor. The surrender signaled the beginning of the end of organized resistance to the Japanese in the Philippines.
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Victorious Japanese troops atop Hearn Battery, 6 May 1942.
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Surrender of U.S. forces at the Malinta Tunnel May 6, 1942

page 51 (clipping 1)

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The President of the United States of America and the Prime Minister, Mr. Churchill, representing His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom, being met together, deem it right to make known certain common principles in the national policies of their respective countries on which they base their hopes for a better future for the world.
First, their countries seek no aggrandizement, territorial or other;
Second, they desire to see no territorial changes that do not accord with the freely expressed wishes of the peoples concerned;
Third, they respect the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live; and they wish to see sovereign rights and self government restored to those who have been forcibly deprived of them;
Fourth, they will endeavor, with due respect for their existing obligations, to further the enjoyment by all States, great or small, victor or vanquished, of access, on equal terms, to the trade and to the raw materials of the world which are needed for their economic prosperity;
Fifth, they desire to bring about the fullest collaboration between all nations in the economic field with the object of securing, for all, improved labor standards, economic advancement and social security;
Sixth, after the final destruction of the Nazi tyranny, they hope to see established a peace which will afford to all nations the means of dwelling in safety within their own boundaries, and which will afford assurance that all the men in all lands may live out their lives in freedom from fear and want;
Seventh, such a peace should enable all men to traverse the high seas and oceans without hindrance;
Eighth, they believe that all of the nations of the world, for realistic as well as spiritual reasons must come to the abandonment of the use of force. Since no future peace can be maintained if land, sea or air armaments continue to be employed by nations which threaten, or may threaten, aggression outside of their frontiers, they believe, pending the establishment of a wider and permanent system of general security, that the disarmament of such nations is essential. They will likewise aid and encourage all other practicable measure which will lighten for peace-loving peoples the crushing burden of armaments.
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Dewey assumed command on 3 January 1898, his flag in the protected cruiser, USS Olympia, Captain Charles V. Gridley, commanding. The Spanish-American War action at Manila, Philippine Islands, 1 May 1898, not only gave birth to the historical expression "You may fire when you are ready Gridley," but also liquidated the Spanish Fleet and installations in the Manila Harbor without loss of men to the US Fleet.

On 10 May 1898, Admiral (then Commodore) Dewey was given a vote of thanks by the Congress of the United States, and three days later was commissioned Rear Admiral, to date from 11 May 1898. That promotion was an advancement of one grade for "highly distinguished conduct in conflict with the enemy as displayed by him in the destruction of the Spanish Fleet and batteries in the harbor of Manila, Philippine Islands, May 1, 1898." He was relieved of command of Asiatic Station on 4 October 1899, and ordered to the Navy Department, Washington, where on 29 March 1900, he was designated President of the General Board.


An Act of Congress, 2 March 1899, created the rank of Admiral of the Navy. It provided that when such office became vacant either by death or otherwise, the office would cease to exist. On 24 March 1903, Admiral Dewey, who held the rank of Admiral since 8 March 1899, was commissioned Admiral of the Navy, with date of rank 2 March 1899, and became the only officer of the United States Navy who was ever so commissioned. He held the rank of Admiral of the Navy until his death in Washington, DC, on 16 January 1917.


The body of Admiral Dewey was interred in Arlington National Cemetery, Arlington, Virginia, on 20 January 1917. At the request of his widow, his remains were reinterred in the crypt of Bethlehem Chapel at the Protestant Episcopal Cathedral, Mount Saint Alban, Washington, DC, on 28 March 1925. Besides his widow, Mrs. Susan Goodwin Dewey, Admiral Dewey was survived by his only son, George Goodwin Dewey.
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"we'll do it again"
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Dion Williams was one of the pioneers in the Marine Corps' development of amphibious assault techniques. Focusing particularly on the establishment and employment of a specialized force for conducting preassault reconnaissance, Williams became one of the strongest advocates of having the Corps assume the amphibious assault role. Career
Born 16 December 1869 in Williamsburg, Ohio, Dion Williams received his early education there until entering the Naval Academy as a member of the Class of 1891. After completing the required 2-year cruise, he was commissioned as a Marine second lieutenant in 1893. He attended the School of Application and then served at Marine Barracks in New York and Mare Island. During the war with Spain in 1898, Williams along with a detachment of Marines from the USS Baltimore raised the first American flag over the Spanish naval arsenal at Cavite in the Philippines. Duty at Marine Barracks Boston followed. Called out for a minor revolt in Panama (1902), Williams commanded a company of Marines sent to disarm Colombian troops threatening the Americans. Leaving Panama his company then participated in the first advanced base exercise on Culebra.
In March 1905 Major Williams reported to Naval War College, where he authored what can be considered the first doctrinal study concerning the importance of amphibious reconnaissance in 1906. The study, which he revised in 1917 to take into account the advent of airplanes and submarines, established the guiding principles for conducting amphibious reconnaissance prior to an amphibious assault. The revised edition also placed greater emphasis on conducting reconnaissance prior to the planning and embarkation of an advance base force. Many of the reconnaissance ideas advanced in these studies survived and were eventually incorporated in the Tentative Manual for Landing Operations developed in 1934.
After a tour of duty at the Office of Naval Intelligence, 1909-1913, Williams served in the Peking Legation Guard and then became the Marine Corps' representative to the General Board of the Navy, 1915-1918. Assigned as the commanding officer, 10th Marines, Williams remained at Quantico preparing that regiment for combat duty in France during World War I (1917-1918). After the armistice, Williams then served as commanding officer, 2d Provisional Brigade, on pacification duty in the Dominican Republic. Returning to the Quantico in 1921, he assumed command of the 4th Marine Brigade as part of the the East Coast Expeditionary Force participating in the ongoing advanced base exercises held by the Navy's North Atlantic Fleet. He commanded this force during the 1924 Winter Maneuvers that witnessed the first use of an experimental amphibious tank mounting a 75mm gun, as well as the "beetle boats" uses as amphibious transports. In a March 1924 Marine Corps Gazette article, Williams recounted the problems and successes of this first major exercise since the end of World War I. Williams likewise participated in the joint Army-Navy landing exercises off Oahu, Hawaii, in January 1925. He incorporated many of the lessons learned in another Gazette article in June 1926, outlining what he considered the proper organization for a fleet landing force.
From 1906 onward, Williams was a prolific writer and an innovative thinker contributing to the evolution of the Corps and the refinement of its missions and doctrine. After his tour of duty with the 4th Brigade ended, Williams became assistant to the Major General Commandant (1928), whereupon he became editor of the Gazette. He remained on duty at Headquarters Marine Corps until his retirement in 1934. Despite his retirement, Williams remained active, authoring several articles on officer professional education and the curriculum at Marine Corps Schools, and participating in Marine Corps affairs. He died on 11 December 1952 at the age of 83 and was buried in Arlington National Cemetery.
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The Ciltvaira was the third ship attacked by the U-123 in short period of time. The first was the city of atlanta, then thirty minutes later the tanker Malay which lost five men and others injured.

The Ciltvaira was heading from Norfolk to Savannah with a load of paper. The ship was moving at a slow pace down the coast. At 5:00 A.M. the ship was struck on the port side of the engine room, pierced the boilers, and flooded the boiler room and No. 2 hold. There was a four foot in diameter at the water line. Killed instantly were two firemen: Carl Gustaefssen and Rolf Semelin. Radio Operator Rudolph Musts was left stuck in his room due to the door being after the hit.

Captain Skarlis Kerbergs ordered the ship to be abandoned. At seven o'clock came the northbound passenger liner Coamo. The Ciltvaira was badly wounded but still afloat. The ship continued on its way at full speed afraid that the same fate might await them. Two hours later, the Brazilian freighter Bury came into view. The Bury attempted to tow the Ciltvaira but were making little headway. She continued onto New York with some of the crew of the Ciltvaira. About nine o'clock, the remaining crew, along with two pets (a cat named Briska and a puppy named Pluskis) were picked up by the tanker Socony Vacuum, which took the remaining crew to Charleston, South Carolina.

The USS Osprey (AM-56) arrived and stood by until the ocean-going tug USS Sciota (AT-30) could resume the tow. What happened next is somewhat sketchy. One report indicates it remained afloat and drifting for two days. Another report states a number of different variations from it be torpedoed a second time to ship while being towed lost in heavy seas.
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B24
Consolidated B-24 Liberator-- Most-produced heavy bomber; most-produced multi-engine aircraft.
Number Produced 18,482
Length 67 ft 8 in (20.6 m)
Wingspan 110 ft 0 in (33.5 m)
Wingtip to Wingtip Square Area 690.1 square meters
All in One Ground Formation Area
12.7544282 (square kilometers) = 4.92451226 square miles
12 square kilometers or 5 square miles of B-24s!
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The French Line’s Normandie is one of the relatively few legitimate contenders for the title “Greatest Liner Ever”. She was a ship of superlatives: the largest ship in the world for five years, more than 20,000 tons larger than White Star’s Majestic; the first liner to exceed 1000 feet in length; the first liner to exceed 60,000 tons (and 70,000 and 80,000, for that matter); the largest turbo-electric powered liner; and the first to make a 30 knot eastbound Atlantic crossing. All told, Normandie earned the Blue Riband for five record-breaking crossings; twice westbound and three times eastbound, including both legs of her maiden voyage. And yet, all these technical qualities are only part of Normandie’s greatness; her design and decor were equally innovative, distinctive and luxurious. All of these factors contributed to her being described as “the ultimate ocean liner—definitely of the 1930s and possibly of the century”. (Braynard and Miller’s Fifty Famous Liners.) And, in the end, her demise was as ignominious as she herself was glorious.
Built by Chantiers et Ateliers de St. Nazaire and launched in 1932, Normandie made her maiden voyage from Le Havre to New York on 29 May 1935, setting speed records both westbound and eastbound. She was overhauled during the winter of 1935-36 to correct significant vibration problems which were evident from the time of her maiden voyage. (In the process, her gross tonnage was increased from 79,280 to 83,423. This permitted her to remain the largest liner even after Cunard White Star’s Queen Mary, 81,235 tons, entered service in May 1936.)
Normandie’s career as a passenger liner was cut short by the outbreak of World War II. At the end of her 139th Atlantic crossing, she arrived in New York on 28 August 1939, and would never sail again. Mothballed at Pier 88, she was taken into custody by the U.S. Coast Guard when France was occupied in June 1940, and less than a week after Pearl Harbor she was taken over by the U.S. Maritime Commission and was renamed U.S.S. Lafayette.
In January 1942 the U.S. War Department took her over and by 9 February her conversion into a troopship was nearly completed. But on that date, while she was being loaded with supplies, a spark from a welder’s torch ignited a bale of lifejackets. The fire spread rapidly, and a series of mistakes by the ship’s crew and firefighters led to the ship’s turning on her port side and sinking at her berth. The stern slipped under Pier 88, while the bow moved close to the adjacent Pier 90. Refloated in September 1943, she was then towed to the Brooklyn Navy Yard. Plans to convert her into an aircraft carrier were abandoned as too costly, and she remained in Brooklyn for the balance of the war. Unwanted and unusable, she was scrapped in Newark, NJ, in 1946-47, the last pieces of steel being removed by rail on 6 October 1947.
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editors note : although that caption suggest at this point in the war the Britts were winning in Africa , the pic is before the u.s. entered Africa and also before Montgomery took over the British 8th army
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The 1st Marine Division was activated aboard the battleship Texas on 1 February 1941. It is the oldest, largest, and most decorated division in the United States Marine Corps, with nine Presidential Unit Citations (PUCs).
The 1st Marine Division is comprised of Headquarters Battalion, the 1st, 5th, 7th, and 11th Marine Regiments, 1st Reconnaissance Battalion, 1st and 3d Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalions, 1st Tank Battalion, and 3d Assault Amphibian Battalion. These units represent a combat-ready force of more than 22,000 Marines and Sailors.
Division regiments were in existence as early as March 8, 1911, when the 1st Marines were formed at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. It saw action in Haiti in 1915, in the Dominican Republic in 1916, and throughout the Caribbean during World War I.
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page 56&57
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page 56 (clipping 2&3)
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this is what lies ahead for most of these troops
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Primary Flying School
The Primary Flying schools were civilian operated under contract for the USAAF. These civilian schools used Stearman, Ryan and Fairchild trainers owned by the USAAF, but their flight instructors were civilian employees. Each cadet received 60 hours of flight training in nine weeks.
RAF trainees had one minor difference to the USAAF, before they were sent from the UK they were given 4 hours on Tiger Moths to weed out those who may not be suitable for reasons such as air sickness, people who may be unusually susceptible to negative G, or simply discover they hate flying.

Basic Flying School
Here the aircraft were changed to BT-9 or Bt-13. Cadets were learned how to fly at night, by instruments, information and cross-country from one point to another. Also, for the first time, he operated a plane equipped with a two-way radio and a two-pitch propeller. This training took 9 weeks and involved about 70 hours in the air. It should be noted that the schools were now under USAAF control and apart from the additional complexity of the training and machinery, there was also the cultural shock as discipline was more rigorous.

Advanced Flying School
Again we have a change in aircraft to the AT-6 for future fighter pilots. The time in training was nine weeks and took about 70 hours flying time. The emphasis was on learning aerial gunnery as well as combat manoeuvres and increasing their skills in navigation, formation and instrument flying.

Transition Training
This is where the cadet was introduced to the aircraft to be used in combat. For a fighter pilot this took two months and about 50 hours, but was more for multi engine pilots.
RAF graduates were sent home at the end of the Advanced Flying School as the aircraft that they were to use were different. RAF graduates would be sent on an acclimatisation course of 2 weeks to get them used to flying in Britain with the weather and crowded skies before being sent to an RAF O.T.U. course. The length of this varied depending on the type of aircraft they were to fly and the time period they arrived in the UK as it constantly changed. For details of this see Training in the United Kingdom.

Other Items
I left the Transition Training in as it was of interest. Personally I was surprised by the lack of time allocated by the USAAF to this vital period. I think that the impact was reduced as most trainees were sent to units in the USA giving them a period of training and adjustment before being thrown into battle. If anyone has more information on this I would appreciate it.
One other item of note was that each level of training Primary, Basic and Advanced was undertaken at different bases.

There were some interesting factors that came to light. It should be remembered that USAAF Graduates were officers; as all pilots in the USAAF were commissioned. All the RAF Graduates were Sergeants, despite having to pass the same course. The better trainees were often offered a guaranteed commission if they stayed in the USA or Canada as Instructors, but the vast majority wanted to go back to the UK.
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page 57
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Japan had already been at war in Manchuria (1931) and China (1937) long before the Second World War started in Europe when Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. By 1941, Japanese military expansion in the Asia-Pacific region had made confrontation and war with the United States increasingly certain.
In preparation for war, on July 26, 1941, General Douglas MacArthur brought the 12,000 strong Philippine Scouts under his command with the 16,000 American soldiers stationed in the Philippines. Even these combined forces were poorly trained and equipped for an adequate defence of the islands against a Japanese invasion.
The attack on the Philippines started on December 8, 1941 ten hours after the attack on Pearl Harbour in Hawaii. As at Pearl Harbour, the American aircraft were entirely destroyed on the ground. Lacking air cover, the American Asiatic Fleet in the Philippines withdrew to Java on December 12, 1941.
Japanese troops landed at the Lingayen Gulf on December 22, 1941 and advanced across central Luzon towards Manila. On the advice of President Quezon, General MacArthur declared Manila an open city on December 25, 1941 and removed the Commonwealth government to Corregidor. The Japanese occupied Manila on January 2, 1942.
MacArthur concentrated his troops on the Bataan peninsula to await the relief of reinforcements from the United States that, after the destruction at Pearl Harbour, could never come. The Japanese succeeded in penetrating Bataan's first line of defense and, from Corregidor, MacArthur had no alternative but to organize a slow and desperate retreat down the peninsula. President Quezon and Vice-President Osmena left Corregidor by submarine to form a government in exile in the United States. General MacArthur escaped Corregidor on the night of March 11, 1942 in PT-41 bound for Australia; 4,000 km away through Japanese controlled waters.
The 76,000 starving and sick American and Filipino defenders in Bataan surrendered to the Japanese on April 9, 1942. The Japanese led their captives on a cruel and criminal Death March on which 7-10,000 died or were murdered before arriving at the internment camps ten days later.
The 13,000 survivors on Corregidor surrendered on May 6, 1942.

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page 58&59
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this photo is disturbing enough and there is plenty of info and pics about german atrocities so ill let you do your own digging
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Flying at frigid high altitudes called for a special item of clothing to keep American airmen warm. The Army Air Corps designed the A-3 flying trousers, companion item to the B-3 jacket, with this exact purpose in mind. A-3s were actually ordered by the Army Air Force with the B-3 jacket as a two-piece suit, not as a separate item; for every B-3 jacket that was made there was a respective pair of A-3 trousers. Constructed from the same materials as the jacket, they were designed to be worn with the B-3 in extremely low temperatures.
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The classic USAAF high-altitude bomber crew jacket of WWII – the type B-3! Inspired by the RAF “IRVIN” jacket, the B-3 was standardized in 1934 and originally produced from unfinished raw-white sheepskin (which has sometimes been erroneously and foolishly referenced as being produced for use in Alaska – dream on!). The B-3 underwent a series of spec. changes over the years, culminating in the much-simplified pattern of late 1943.

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here is a pic of changes to come
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Battling Bastards of Bataan

The plan for Bataan called for two defensive lines. The first extended across the peninsula from Mauban in the west to Mabatang in the east. Major Japanese attacks along the first defensive line began on 9 January with artillery, followed up with an assault by infantry and tank units. After eight days of sometimes intense combat, the Japanese forced a partial withdrawal, followed by evacuation of outflanked positions on the evening of 22 January. Over the next four days, the defenders fell back to a new defensive line that ran from Bagac on the western shore to just south of Orion on the eastern shore of the peninsula, a distance of 4,500 yards (2.5 miles), a smaller but much more defensible position.
The Japanese attempted to bypass the line by staging an amphibious landing along the rugged Bataan southern coast. Between 22 January and 2 February, in the "Battle of the Points", the Americans turned back successive Japanese attempts to gain a beachhead, but at the cost of heavy casualties that could not be replaced.
The Japanese renewed the offensive against the Orion-Bagac line on 26-27 January, but fierce defense stalled the attack all along the line. General Homma ordered a general withdrawal from the 14th Army's forward positions on 8 February. Since 6 January the Japanese had suffered 7,000 battle casualties, with another 10-12,000 men dying of disease. The unexpected tenacity of the American opposition forced Homma to call for reinforcements. For the Americans, the failure of the supposedly invincible Japanese to crack their defenses lifted morale despite the dismal strategic situation.
During March, as the Japanese received reinforcements, the defenders' health steadily eroded. Rations, already short, were now further reduced to a mere 1,000 calories. The Bataan jungle and the starvation diet fostered disease, with malaria common and no quinine supplies for relief. By the end of March, commander's estimates of troop combat efficiency dropped to 20-25 percent.
Recognizing the steady deterioration of the American position, President Roosevelt ordered MacArthur to move his headquarters to Australia, over MacArthur's objections. On 12 March, the commander, his family, and his USAFFE staff departed Corregidor on three PT boats, then transferred to B-17s at Del Monte airfield on Mindanao. Wainwright was left in command. MacArthur swore, "I shall return!" which he did in late 1944. [Thanks to Martin Beckner, whose father was in the crew of one of the PT boats, for help with details of MacArthur's departure.]
The end was not long in coming. Japanese attacks resumed on 3 April with a sustained aerial and artillery bombardment, followed by an attack on the left flank of the line. The exhausted, malnourished, and dispirited defenders soon gave ground, and the entire line began to crumble. In thirty-six hours the Japanese succeeded in breaching the American line, leaving the rest outflanked with no place to retreat. General King, I Corps commander, attempted to negotiate terms for all of the forces on Bataan on 9 April, but was unsuccessful, and defending units surrendered unconditionally to individual Japanese units. Wainwright had not been informed since King knew Wainwright's orders did not permit surrender.
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Japanese flamethrower in action

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Japanese tank moving forward on Bataan. Without anti-tank weapons, the PACR was helpless to stop an armored attack.

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MILLION-TO-ONE
Around midnight on June 5, 1944, Private C. Hillman, of Manchester, Connecticut, serving with the US 101st Airborne Division, was winging his way to Normandy in a C-47 transport plane. Just before the jump, Private Hillman carried out a final inspection of his parachute. He was surprised to see that the chute had been packed by the Pioneer Parachute Company of Connecticut where his mother worked part time as an inspector. He was further surprised when he saw on the inspection tag, the initials of his own mother!

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The oldest of the submarines to see combat action in the Pacific, this post World War I vintage boat was certainly not designed for the type of war in which they were engaged against Japan. Originally employed as a fleet "scout" for operations in the Atlantic, these "Pigboats" were reluctantly pressed into service during the early days of the war against Japan due to the U.S. Navy's severe shortage of fleet boats. Old, obsolete, underpowered with limited range and inadequately armed, they were often assigned to the least important patrol areas, however S-class submarines accounted for sinking 14 Japanese ships. Relegated to that of a training vessel in the latter stages of the war, twenty two of fifty one S Class submarines served their country valiantly and with heroic distinction against a tenacious enemy and tremendous odds.
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Basic Data - 5 inch/38 Cal MK 38 Gun Mount


Caliber: 5 inch (127 mm)
Length of barrel: 38 calibers
Elevation: -15 to +85 degrees
Traverse: 328.5 degrees
Projectile Weight: 55 lbs
Muzzle velocity: 2500 feet/second
Recoil: 15 inches

GUN SHIELD Thickness Data:
Gun Mount Assembly weight:
With MK-48 Shield: 95,700 Pounds
With MK-53 Shield: 105,600 Pounds



GUN SHIELD Thickness Data:
MK-41 = 1/4" Thick
MK-48 = 1/2" Thick
MK-53 = 1/8" Thick
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http://i.imgur.com/kQswV.jpg




TYPES OF AMMUNITION FIRED BY 5 inch/38 CAL. GUN BY SHELL DESCRIPTION

TYPE: ACC LOAD: Explosive D FUSE: Mechanical-Timed Shell Color: Olive drab with top Yellow band TYPE: HC LOAD: Composition D FUSE: Dummy Nose Plug (none) Red Tracer Shell Color: Olive drab with tip Yellow and red lower band TYPE: VT LOAD: Composition A FUSE: Self-Destruct Shell Color: Olive drab with tip Green and Grey/yellow lower band TYPE: BL & P LOAD: Inert FUSE: White Tracer (none) Shell Color: BLUE with white lower band TYPE: VT-Non Fragmentation LOAD: Inert FUSE: None, Yellow Color Burst unit Shell Color: BLUE with Green tip with Grey/Blue Bands TYPE: ILLUM LOAD: ILLUM FUSE: Mechanical-Timed Shell Color: Olive drab with White/Brown lower band

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page 62
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The Battle of Singapore Begins:

On February 3, Japanese artillery began hammering targets on Singapore and air attacks against the garrison intensified. British guns, including the city's heavy coastal guns, responded but in the latter case their armor-piercing rounds proved largely ineffective. On February 8, the first Japanese landings began on Singapore's northwest coast. Elements of the Japanese 5th and 18th Divisions came ashore at Sarimbun Beach and met fierce resistance from Australian troops. By midnight, they had overwhelmed the Australians and forced them to retreat.

Believing that future Japanese landings would come in the northeast, Percival elected not to reinforce the battered Australians. Widening the battle, Yamashita conducted landings in the southwest on February 9. Encountering the 44th Indian Brigade, the Japanese were able to drive them back. Retreating east, Bennett formed a defensive line just east of Tengah airfield at Belim. To the north, Brigadier Duncan Maxwell's 27th Australian Brigade inflicted heavy losses on Japanese forces as they attempted to land west of the causeway. Maintaining control of the situation, they held the enemy to a small beachhead.

The End Nears:

Unable to communicate with the Australian 22nd Brigade on his left and concerned about encirclement, Maxwell ordered his troops to fall back from their defensive positions on the coast. This withdrawal allowed the Japanese to begin landing armored units on the island. Pressing south, they outflanked Bennett's "Jurong Line" and pushed towards the city. Aware of the deteriorating situation, but knowing that the defenders outnumbered the attackers, Prime Minister Winston Churchill cabled General Archibald Wavell, Commander-in-Chief, India, that Singapore was to hold out at all costs and should not surrender.

This message was forwarded to Percival with orders that the latter should fight to the end. On February 11, Japanese forces captured the area around Bukit Timah as well as much of Percival's ammunition and fuel reserves. The area also gave Yamashita control of the bulk of the island's water supply. Though his campaign had been successful to date, the Japanese commander was desperately short of supplies and sought to bluff Percival into ending "this meaningless and desperate resistance." Refusing, Percival was able to stabilize his lines in southeast part of the island and repelled Japanese attacks on February 12.

The Surrender:

Slowly being pushed back on February 13, Percival was asked by his senior officers about surrendering. Rebuffing their request, he continued the fight. The next day, Japanese troops secured Alexandra Hospital and massacred around 200 patients and staff. Early on the morning of February 15, the Japanese succeeded in breaking through Percival's lines. This coupled with the exhaustion of the garrison's anti-aircraft ammunition led Percival to meet with his commanders at Fort Canning. During the meeting, Percival proposed two options: an immediate strike at Bukit Timah to regain the supplies and water or surrendering.

Informed by his senior officers that no counterattack was possible, Percival saw little choice other than surrender. Dispatching a messenger to Yamashita, Percival met with the Japanese commander at the Ford Motor Factory later that day to discuss terms. The formal surrender was completed shortly after 5:15 that evening.
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Battle of Singapore, February 1942. Japanese victorious troops march through the city center.

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Convoys
Germany used the U-Boat (Undersea-boat) to great advantage early in World War I to isolate Great Britain from much of its food, oil, and raw materials. Several days before the outbreak of World War II, German U-Boats were already on the prowl against supply ships, and again Britain instituted convoys, which had been so successful in limiting losses 20 years earlier.
The downside to convoys were the delays involved: waiting to assemble; taking a common, but often longer route; reducing speed to match the slowest ship, and delays in unloading because of congestion. This cut cargo-carrying capacity by one-third.
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In the nearly 20 years following the end of the World War I, America's merchant fleet, including its cargo and passenger ships, was becoming obsolete and declining in numbers. A shipbuilding program began with the passage of the Merchant Marine Act of 1936. However, World War II provided the impetus to intensify those efforts eventually leading to a ship-building program that produced 5,500 vessels. Among them were 2,710 mass-produced ships known as Liberty ships. While reviewing blueprints of the Liberty ships at the White House, President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who loved naval vessels and had an eye for design, mused aloud to Maritime Commission administrator Admiral Emory S. Land, "I think this ship will do us very well. She'll carry a good load. She isn't much to look at, though, is she? A real ugly duckling."² Thus, the Liberty ships received their second nickname, "the ugly ducklings."
When the United States entered World War II at the end of 1941, it had the beginnings of a great merchant fleet. But the lethal U-Boats, submarines of the German Navy, prowled the shipping lanes hunting American merchant ships. The Liberty ships proved to be too slow and too small to carry the tons of supplies the United States and her Allies would need to win the war. In 1943, the United States began a new ship-building program. These new ships would be faster, larger, and able to carry cargo long after the war was finished. These were the Victory ships.
The Liberty and Victory ships fulfilled President Roosevelt's prophetic words, serving the nation well in war and peace. Today, of the thousands of Liberty ships and Victory ships built during World War II, only a handful remains.
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M3 Stuart
Design

With events in Europe in 1940, the Army realized the M2 was inadequate and the decision was made to modernize it. A new design with thicker armor was standardized on July 5, 1940.6,7 Production started in March 1941 at the American Car & Foundry.7 It was based on the M2A4, but had thicker armor that was homogeneous rolled and the idler wheel was placed on the ground to act as another road wheel to help distribute the weight
Initially the engine was the Continental but shortages caused it to be replaced by the Guiberson T-1020 diesel, and fitted into 500 M3s.8
Tracks could often last 1,000 miles, whereas other models required replacement at 500 miles.
During production the riveted turret was replaced by a welded one 7-sided one.6 Also in early 1942 an all welded hull was produced.
It had volute spring suspension with the rear idler on the ground. This reduced the ground pressure and gave support to the rear of the tank.
Layout

The engines were in the rear with the drive going to the front sprockets, which was controlled by differential steering.7 The rear idler was located on the ground which helped in supporting the rear of the M3.6
Crew

The driver was on the left and the hull gunner/assistant driver on the right.6,7 They could see out through windshields in their hatches.6
The gunner and commander/loader were in seats that were in the M3's turret basket.6
Engine

Internally the M3 carried 56 gallons of fuel.6 Some tanks had two 25 gallon external tanks added, and these were jettisonable once combat started.6

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The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting the Navy Cross to Lieutenant William Leverette Kabler, United States Navy, for extraordinary heroism and distinguished service in the line of his profession as Commanding Officer of the Minesweeper U.S.S. HERON (AM-10), during operations in Dutch East Indies on 31 December 1941. When the U.S. warship he commanded was attacked by 15 hostile planes of various types, Lieutenant Kabler fought his ship with such skill that the crew was able to destroy one plane, damage others and frustrate the attack. The conduct of Lieutenant Kabler throughout this action reflects great credit upon himself, and was in keeping with the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service.
General Orders: Bureau of Naval Personnel Information Bulletin No. 328 (July 1944)
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As the Japanese attacked through the Peninsula, their troops were ordered to take no prisoners as they would slow up the Japanese advance. A pamphlet issued to all Japanese soldiers stated:

"When you encounter the enemy after landing, think of yourself as an avenger coming face to face at last with his father’s murderer. Here is a man whose death will lighten your heart."
For the British military command in Singapore, war was still fought by the ‘rule book’. Social life was important in Singapore and the Raffles Hotel and Singapore Club were important social centres frequented by officers. An air of complacency had built in regarding how strong Singapore was – especially if it was attacked by the Japanese. When the Japanese did land at Kota Bharu aerodrome, in Malaya, Singapore’s governor, Sir Shenton Thomas is alleged to have said "Well, I suppose you’ll (the army) shove the little men off."

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25 SOLDIERS DIE AS BOAT OVERTURNS.
CAUSE OF ACCIDENT NEAR NEW ORLEANS UNDER ARMY PROBE.
New Orleans, Dec. 18. (AP) -- At least 25 soldiers wearing life preservers died yesterday when their 60-foot, cruiser-type vessel overturned in Lake Pontchartrain in one of the worst marine disasters here since the turn of the century.
The cause of the accident was not disclosed and a board from the New Orleans port of embarkation was investigating. It was believed that most of the dead were trapped beneath the overturned boat or by a canopy overhead.
Capt. T. F. Reece, public relations officer at LaGarde General Hospital, said 65 soldiers and three civilians who operated the vessel were being treated for injuries suffered in the capsizing or in rescue operation. Four of the soldiers were said to be in serious condition.
The names of the soldier casualties were not announced.
The soldiers aboard the stricken vessel were members of companies A and B of the Second battalion, Transportation corps, Reception Center, Camp Harahan, Capt. Reece said.
The public relations officer said about 72 men were aboard when the boat capsized. They were en route to Camp Salmen, Slidell, La., along with about 250 other soldiers in six other boats for maneuvers when the accident occurred.
Lowell Sun Massachusetts 1943-12-18
--------------------------------------
25 SOLDIER DEATHS LAID TO HIGH WINDS.
New Orleans (UP) -- Sudden gusts of wind were blamed Saturday for the drowning of 25 soldiers in Lake Pontchartrain when a crowded naval motor launch capsized.
Nearly 100 men were riding in the boat, one of several vessels crossing the lake to Slidell, La., Friday in combat training maneuvers, when it overturned.
Public relations officers at Lagarde General Hospital, said 68 soldiers and sailors and three civilians were rescued but that several members of the crew were unaccounted for. Several of the rescued men were injured seriously in the accident.
Charleston Daily Mail West Virginia 1943-12-19

United States Army Transportation Corps
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At 08.34 hours on 14 Jan, 1942, the unescorted Norness was hit in the stern by one of two stern torpedoes from u-123 about 60 miles from Montauk Point, Long Island and began listing to starboard. At 08.53 hours, a G7e was fired from a stern tube as coup de grâce, hit the tanker underneath the bridge and the ship began settling on even keel, allowing the survivors to abandon ship in the starboard lifeboat and row away from the ship. The port lifeboat had capsized during the launch due to the heavy list and threw the occupants into the cold sea, drowning two Norwegian crew members. At 09.29 hours, the vessel was hit by a third torpedo in the engine room, after a second coup de grâce had malfunctioned at 09.10 hours. Four minutes later the tanker sank by the stern in shallow waters, the bow remaining visible over the surface.
30 survivors were spotted in the afternoon by a blimp of the US Navy, which directed uss ellyson and uscgc argo to them, while nine men were picked up by the American fishing boat Malvina. All survivors were landed at Newport, Rhode Island.

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The depth charge is the original dedicated Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) weapon. It was an extraordinarily crude weapon - a can filled with explosives and a fuze that detonated at a preset depth based on hydrostatic pressure. This was adequate in WWI as submarines did not operate at great depths. Developed by the Royal Navy in 1916, the quantities used per kill in WWI gave no appreciation for what would be required in WWII.
The USN began to develop a depth charge of their own in early 1917, which was too weak to be successful. After the U.S. entry into WWI they adopted the Royal Navy depth charge fitted with their own hydrostatic fuze. The final U.S. WWI depth charge could detonate at up to 300ft depth and carried 300lbs of explosives. There was little development between the wars except for a 600lb variant.
At the start of WWII, depth charges were essentially the same weapon as from the end of WWI. Development concentrated on increasing the depth at which a submarine might be successfully attacked and improvements to the sinking speed of the depth charges.
The MK9 became the main improvement over the MK6. This was teardrop-shaped, capable of detonating at 1000ft and entered service in 1943. The early MK9s still did not yet sink sufficiently fast enough. Lead ballast and fins were added to speed sinking. These modifications were at the sacrifice of explosive power and it now carried only 200 lbs of TNT.
Depth charges were detonated by a spring-loaded firing pin released by a water pressure driven bellows system. The mechanism could be set to various depths based on the attacking vessel's estimate of the depth of the submarine. A late war variant included a magnetic detonator which automatically exploded the depth charge when it reached the proximity of a submarine.
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As early as Jul 1941, the Russians knew the Germans were going to breach their defenses and threaten Moscow. On 3 Jul, Lenin's body was moved from Moscow to Tumen to prevent German capture or destruction. Little over two weeks later, on 22 Jul, 127 German bombers raided Moscow, even lightly damaging the Kremlin. As a response, Moscow residents were ordered to build mock houses on Kremlin's grounds and paint the distinct roof of the building in order to blend it in with the rest of the city. Streets were also barricaded in preparation of a German attack. Moscow was proud, however, aided by Joseph Stalin's propaganda machine. One such example was the 7 Nov parade in celebration of the anniversary of the October Revolution, where Russian soldiers marched straight through Red Square toward the battlefields to the west.
After a series of attacks and counterattacks from both sides, the German troops were beginning to show signs of fatigue. Replacements came slowly partly due to the unplanned action in the Balkans and Crete, while the brutal Russian winter loomed dangerously near. The Russians, on the other hand, saw relatively fresh reinforcements from the recently arrived Georgi Zhukov and his troops from the Far East; the inability of the Axis powers to negotiate for a joint-attack on Russian had a significant impact on the German ability to quickly bring down Russia, but Adolf Hitler was too egotistical to see.
After a few days of preparations in Moscow's suburbs, on 2 Oct 1941, Fedor von Bock led German troops to assault directly against Moscow. German advances were slower than they had hoped with a rainy fall season and later a cold early winter. As German vehicles become immobilized, the German army continued to advance, however the cold weather was affecting the morale and fighting ability of the troops to a high degree. On 15 Nov, another push for Moscow was launched, and within two weeks the Germans reached the 27km marker to Moscow, with some soldiers claiming the sighting of the towers of Kremlin.
The weather also significantly harmed the German ability to supply the Moscow contingent by rail, despite Minister Dorpmüller and the German Reich Railways dramatically expanding its operations during the campaign. The water tanks of the locomotives regularly froze under sub-zero conditions, pushing the number of broken-down locomotives at any given time to the hundreds. Additionally, the Russian railways were of a different gauge, forcing the German engineers to re-bed all the railways before the German locomotives could use them. In Dec 1941, with the transport situation so desperate that a special motor transport organization was formed to alleviate some of the pressure. Despite the superhuman results the Germans had achieved in the arena of logistics, it was just not enough. The German frontlines troops, including the air force, required the equivalent of 120 train loads of supplies daily for normal operations (ie. not counting supplies needed to mount major operations); only about 100 train loads worth of supplies were delivered on a regular day. To make matters even worse, Russian partisans regularly sabotaged railway tracks to slow things further.
Russians had been launching counteroffensives of various sizes since early Sep to slow the progress of the German army. The counteroffensives were largely planned under the leadership of Zhukov, a man who Stalin feared as a political threat but yet relied on so much to defend his capital. On 5 Dec, Zhukov saw the opportunity to launch a major counteroffensive, while at the same time he knew he could no longer take any chances; the German troops were too close to Moscow for his comfort. He called in his troops of Siberia and the Far East, who had been resting nearby for such a counteroffensive. T-34 tanks and Katyusha rocket launchers led the way for the fresh Russian soldiers, some of whom donned the white winter camouflage that became the subject of nightmares to the freezing retreating German troops. By 7 Jan 1942, the front lines were driven back anywhere between 100km to 250km. German forces would never again threaten Moscow directly for the rest of the war.
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The Stirling, designed prior to the Lancaster and Halifax, was an enormous aircraft, with four engines and a crew of seven. Throughout its service its design limitations (chiefly its wings being too short for the large size of the aircraft) resulted in poor performance and a high loss rate.
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in 1944 the William cc Claiborne was shelled in the Philippines , damage was done with no loss of life
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Born in Manassa, Colorado on June 24, 1895, William Harrison "Jack" Dempsey rose to sports stardom in the 1920s. As a nomadic traveler from 1911 to 1916, Dempsey began boxing in the small mining towns of Colorado under the name "Kid Blackie." He emerged from numerous saloon floor-boxing matches to rein victorious in over 80 professional fights by the meager age of 24. Dempsey was perhaps best known for his thrilling knockout victories, many of which occurred in just seconds of the fight’s onset.

Dempsey proved his phenomenal ability in a battle of "David and Goliath" match of fists. His iron strength and killer left hooks allowed Dempsey to beat Jess Willard in 1919, leaving the giant bewildered and shattered. This victory awarded Dempsey both the heavyweight title and the nickname of the "Manassa Mauler, " the name that soon haunted potential opponents all around the country. Dempsey became a ring warrior through his tough defense of his title six times in just seven years. In most of his matches, there were no survivors.

A day of disbelief for Dempsey occurred on September 23, 1926 when he was defeated by Gene Tunney and lost his heavyweight title. Ironically, this match yielded the largest paid attendance in boxing history. Tunney and Dempsey went head to head and fist to fist again in 1927 in hopes that Dempsey would reclaim his title. Dempsey lost this rematch, which was coined "The Battle of the Long Count" because of a call by the referee that Dempsey did not return to a neutral corner after Tunney had fallen. Tunney won the match three rounds later.

Dempsey continued boxing in exhibitions after his defeat but retired from professional boxing in 1940 and went on to be a successful restaurant owner in New York. Dempsey retired with an astounding record of 60-7-8. Fifty of these wins were knockouts. He was a universally accepted sports star. With his bobbing and weaving stance, amazing speed, graceful agility, and pure power, Jack Dempsey will forever remain the perfect boxer and one of the greatest box office attractions of all time.

When the United States entered ww2, Dempsey had an opportunity to refute any remaining criticism of his war record of two decades earlier. Dempsey joined New York State National Guard and was given a commission as a first lieutenant. Dempsey resigned that commission to accept a commission as a lieutenant in the Coast Guard Reserve. Dempsey reported for active duty in June 1942 at Coast Guard Training Station, Manhattan Beach , Brooklyn, New York, where he was assigned as "Director of Physical Education." Dempsey also made many personal appearances at fights, camps, hospitals and War bond drives. Dempsey was promoted to lieutenant commander in December 1942 and commander in March 1944. In 1944 Dempsey was assigned to the transport USS Wakefield In 1945 Dempsey was on the attack transport USS Arthur Middleton for the invasion of Okinawa. Dempsey also spent time aboard the USS General William Mitchell where he spent time showing the crew sparring techniques. Dempsey was released from active duty in September 1945 and he was given an honorable discharge from the Coast Guard Reserve in 1952.
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Designed in 1937 as a high-altitude "pursuit aircraft" (interceptor), the XP-38 was heavier than a Bristol Blenheim Mk. I, which at that time was the standard British medium bomber. Equipped with under wing droppable fuel tanks, the Lockheed P-38 was used extensively as a long-range escort fighter aircraft and saw action in practically every major combat area of the world. The Pacific theatre of operations produced the two highest scoring aces in American history - Major Richard Bong and Major Thomas McGuire, Jr. Both men flew P-38 Lightnings in the Southwest Pacific and each received the Medal of Honor in recognition of his courage and accomplishments.
After WW2, a number of Lockheed P-38s were used for aerial photography in the private sector. Almost 10,000 P-38s were built. Today, only a few are remaining.
Type:
Long range fighter and fighter bomber
Powerplant:
Two Allison V-1710-27/29
Max speed:
414 mph (666 km/hr)
Ceiling:
44,000 ft (13 400 m)
Range:
475 miles (765 km) on internal fuel
Weight (empty):
12,600 lbs (5806 kg)
Max. T/O:
21,600 lbs (9798 kg)
Wingspan:
52' 0" (15.85m)
Length:
37' 10" (11.53 m)
Height:
9' 10" (3 m)
Armament:
One 20mm cannon, four .50 machine guns, 2,000 lb of bombs, rockets
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4th Armored Division

The 4th Armored Division, after training in England from January to July 1944, landed at Utah Beach 11 July and entered World War II combat 17 July.
The Division participated in Operation Cobra, the Normandy Breakout. They secured Coutances, Nantes and then turned east driving across France. September had them crossing the Moselle River and in the vicinity of Nancy. They maintained a defensive posture and line from Chambrey to Henamenil into October. They returned to the line in November near Viviers and crossed the Saar River on the 21st and 22nd.
After the Germans launched their Ardennes Offensive, the 4th AD raced northwest to Belgium. Units of the 4th AD were the first Allies to reach the 101st AB at Bastogne. Following the Battle of the Bulge , the Allies went on the offensive and the 4th moved east crossing the Moselle and then the Rhine in late March and on to the capture of Lauterbach. By 12 April the Division had crossed the Saale River and continued their advance into Czechoslovakia where World War II for the 4th Armored Division ended on 6 May 1945, Victory in Europe Day.
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Percival has gone down in history as the man who surrendered 136,000 men after Singapore surrendered in February 1942. After the war Percival wrote about his command in Malaya and Singapore but many reviewers gave unfavorable reviews to his book. Was this justified? Before taking up his appointment as GOC Malaya, Percival had noted that he could well have been taking up an outpost in Asia in which little of consequence happened and that it could stall his career prospects. Alternately his also knew that places such as Malaya and therefore Singapore had not had as much spent on their defenses as he would have liked. While serving under General Dobbie before the war, Percival had made an assessment of the defenses in Malaya and Singapore. He concluded that far more needed to be spent to modernise what was there especially in Southern Johore, just to the north of Singapore.Churchill called the surrender “the worst disaster in British history”. But it was Churchill who had ordered all the 350 tanks in Malaya to be moved to the Russian front as a show of faith between the USSR and Britain. Japan had 200 light tanks in the Battle for Malaya while the British had none. Likewise, the request for 566 aircraft to give aerial cover to ground troops was ignored by the War Cabinet who considered that 336 would be sufficient.

As the situation became more and more threatening in the Far East before war broke out in the region, Dobbie had requested more ground troops. In this he was successful but the decision to send more troops from India did not meet with Churchill’s approval. He wrote in January 1941:

“I do not remember to have given my approval to these very large diversions of force. On the contrary, if my minutes are collected they will be seen to have an opposite tendency. The political situation in the Far East does not seem to require, and the strength of our Air Force by no means warrants, the maintenance of such large forces in the Far East at this time.”

However, the 9th Indian Division was sent.

Percival, while GOC Malaya, was also refused permission to put ‘Operation Matador’ into being. This was a plan to capture Singpora in southern Thailand before Japanese forces got to it. Singapore was a port and had a major air base. It seemed obvious that if the Japanese were going to attack both Malaya and Thailand, they would take Singapore. ‘Operation Matador’ would take this option away from the Japanese or the fighting for it would reduce it to such a state that the Japanese could not use it operationally. However, the War Office would not sanction such a move as it was felt that the Japanese might view this as a provocative act, which could stimulate war.

One area where Percival could be criticized was his refusal to build defenses along the northern shore of Singapore. He had 6,000 engineers at his disposal and could have done so with some ease. However Percival did believe that “defenses are bad for morale”.

After the surrender Percival was held in Changi jail, which acted as a POW camp. In August 1942, he was sent to Manchuria via Taiwan. He stayed here until the end of the war. Percival stood behind General Douglas McArthur during the surrender ceremony on ‘USS Missouri’ and MacArthur gave him one of the pens used in the ceremony.

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January 14th, 1942
New York: Banner headlines in this evening's newspapers have sent tremors all around the island of Manhattan. The news of the torpedoing of the Panamanian tanker NORNESS just 100 miles from the piers where liners berth has brought home the realities of war to New Yorkers. The SS NORNESS falls victim to U-123, 73 miles south-southwest of Nanucket Island, Massachusetts.
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U-123Type IXB Feldpost NumberM 08 800 Construction YardDeutsche Schiff- und Maschinenbau AG, (AG Weser) Bremen Yard Number955 Ordered15th Dec 1937 Keel laid15th Apr 1939 Launched2nd Mar 1940 Commissioned30th May 1940 BaubelehrungMarinelehrwerkstatt, Wilhelmshaven /
Baubelehrung U-Boote Nordsee, BremenTraining, Flotillas and Duties 05.40 - 08.442.U-Flottille, Wilhelmshaven & Lorient
Ausbildungsboot (under training)
Frontboot (operational)
Schulboot (training boat)
Commanders05.40 - 05.41KL Karl-Heinz Moehle

05.41 - 07.42KL Reinhard Hardegen

08.42 - 06.44OL Horst von Schroeter

today the ss norness is a diving site for recreational use
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The "Chiefs" Go to War

In spite of years of inefficient and often corrupt bureaucratic management of Indian affairs, Native Americans stood ready to fight the "white man's war." American Indians overcame past disappointment, resentment, and suspicion to respond to their nation's need in World War II. It was a grand show of loyalty on the part of Native Americans and many Indian recruits were affectionately called "chiefs." Native Americans responded to America's call for soldiers because they understood the need to defend one's own land, and they understood fundamental concepts of fighting for life, liberty, property, and the pursuit of happiness.

Even the clannish Pueblo tribe, whose members exhibited a historical suspicion of the white world, contributed 213 men, 10 percent of their population of 2,205, to the armed forces. Wisconsin Chippewas at the Lac Oreilles Reservation contributed 100 men from a population of 1,700. Nearly all the able-bodied Chippewas at the Grand Portage Reservation enlisted. Blackfeet Indians enlisted in droves. Navajo Indians responded by sending 3,600 into military service; 300 lost their lives. Many volunteered from the Fort Peck Sioux-Assinibois Reservation in Montana, the descendants of the Indians that defeated Custer. The Iroquois took it as an insult to be called up under compulsion. They passed their own draft act and sent their young braves into National Guard units.

There were many disappointments as well-intentioned Indians were rejected for the draft. Years of poverty, illiteracy, ill- health, and general bureaucratic neglect had taken its toll. A Chippewa Indian was furious when rejected because he had no teeth. "I don't want to bite 'em," he said, "I just want to shoot 'em!" Another Indian, rejected for being too fat to run, said that he had not come to run, but to fight.
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In the mid-1600's, a band of Chippewa separated from their fishing brethen and moved to the St. Croix River area in Wisconsin to become traders. By 1702, they occupied a village on Rice Lake in Minnesota. Both the French and English vied for their trade. Eventually, the English won out and built several trading posts.
By 1837, the St. Croix band had ceded their land to the US, while retaining the right to hunt, fish, and gather wild rice in the area. In 1854 the Band lost their political status and the ability to form a reservation. To survive, they attached themselves to other Chippewa bands.
It wasn't until 1934 that they were officially recognized as the "St. Croix Chippewa Indians of Wisconsin" and were able to obtain a reservation in their ancestral homelands.

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On the 31st December 1941 Percival assumed command of the 85,000 troops on Singapore Island, these consistered of thirteen British battalions, six Australian, seventeen Indian and two Malay, giving him nearly a total strength three divisions. With another three machine gun battalions it looked impresive but the reality was that most of the troops were fresh to combat and the troops that retreated from Malaya had been badly cut up.
Siege Begins - Feb 1st - The siege began officially with the blowing up of the causeway at 0800 hours on 31st January 1942, the explosion could be heard on the south coast of Singapore.
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sinking of the Montebello oil tanker ship by a Japanese submarine off the coast of California, Dec. 23, 1941.
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From "West Coast War Zone"

By Donald Young
About the time the Japanese submarine I-21 disappeared below the surface, the Union Oil Company's Montebello was pulling away from the company wharf some 20 miles away at Avila, on its way north with a cargo of oil and gasoline. An hour and a half later she found herself in a life-or-death race with a frustrated Japanese submarine commander with vengeance on his mind.
At 5:30 a.m. William Srez, on watch aboard Montebello, alerted Captain Olaf Eckstrom that they were being stalked by what looked like a sub. Five-and-a-half hours earlier, Eckstrom had been the ship's first mate. At midnight, her captain had abruptly resigned, giving the command to Eckstrom.
"I saw a dark outline on the water, close astern of us," said the new captain later. "Srez was right. It was the silhouette of a Jap (sic) submarine, a big fellow, possibly 300 feet long. I ordered the quartermaster at the wheel, John McIsaac, to zigzag. For 10 minutes we tried desperately to cheat the sub, but it was no use. She was too close.[and] let a torpedo go when we were broadside to her."
"The torpedo smashed us square amidships," said Srez, "and there was a big blast and the ship shuddered and trembled and we knew she was done for."
Fortunately for Montebello, the torpedo hit the only compartment not loaded with gasoline. "The men wouldn't have had a chance if any other hold was hit," said Eckstrom. But it did knock out the radio.
"The skipper was as cool as a snowdrift," remembered Srez. "He yelled an order to stand by the lifeboats and then an order to abandon ship, and there was something in the way he gave those orders that made us proud to be serving under him."
As the crew responded by lowering the lifeboats, the Japanese opened fire with their deck gun at nearly point-blank range. "The sub began shelling us," continued Captain Eckstrom. "There was from eight to 10 flashes. One hit the foremast, snapping it. Another whistled by my head so close I could have reached out and touched it. But there was no panic, no hysteria. We got all four lifeboats into the water. Splinters from one of the shells struck some of the boats, but by some kind of miracle, none of us was wounded."
Despite the torpedoing, Eckstrom was not sure Montebello was going to sink, and he ordered his lifeboats "to lie a short distance from the ship. But 45 minutes later, just as dawn was breaking, she went down."
As the 36 men in four lifeboats began rowing for shore, I-21 opened fire with machine guns on the helpless American sailors until poor visibility forced the Japanese to retire. Although no one was wounded, the boat carrying Eckstrom, Srez and four other crewmen was hit.
"Machine-gun bullets hit our boat," said Srez, "and she began leaking like a sieve. We began rowing shoreward, with some of us leaning on the oars for all we were worth and the others bailing."
Fighting fatigue, rough water and a leaking boat, it was not until noon—some six hours after the sinking—that the six men literally hit the beach below the town of Cambria. "We were caught in the surf," Srez recalled, "and the lifeboat capsized... Some of the boys were scratched up, and the captain nearly drowned."
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At 08.34 hours on 14 Jan, 1942, the unescorted Norness was hit in the stern by one of two stern torpedoes from u-123 about 60 miles from Montauk Point, Long Island and began listing to starboard. At 08.53 hours, a G7e was fired from a stern tube as coup de grâce, hit the tanker underneath the bridge and the ship began settling on even keel, allowing the survivors to abandon ship in the starboard lifeboat and row away from the ship. The port lifeboat had capsized during the launch due to the heavy list and threw the occupants into the cold sea, drowning two Norwegian crew members. At 09.29 hours, the vessel was hit by a third torpedo in the engine room, after a second coup de grâce had malfunctioned at 09.10 hours. Four minutes later the tanker sank by the stern in shallow waters, the bow remaining visible over the surface.
30 survivors were spotted in the afternoon by a blimp of the US Navy,

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Claire Lee Chennault
Lieutenant General, United States Army Air Corps
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He led the Flying Tigers (an all-volunteer service) in China before the United States entered World War II. When America entered the war, he took command of all Allied Air Forces in the far east. He was born in Commerce, Texas, on September 6, 1890 and died in Washington, D.C. on July 27, 1958. He is buried in Section 2 of Arlington National Cemetery and his headstone is inscribed in both English and Chinese.
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From a 1990 Press Report: From the cotton fields of Waterproof, Louisiana, came Claire Lee Chennault, a prophetic, controversial military genius who was de-activated twice because of his strident efforts to modernize air power.
Chennault was also a military hero who received at least 17 medals, including the Distinguished Service Medal with Oak Leaf Cluster, and the Distinguished Flying Cross with Oak Leaf Cluster.
Claire Lee Chennault went from being a school teacher in a one-room school in Athens, Louisiana, on to become a general and leader of the famous Flying Tigers.
Ironically, Chennault had ups and downs in his career that matches those of Chennault Air Base in Lake Charles, which was named for him. Both the base and the general were often in political fights, and the base was also cast off by the military, in 1946 and in 1961. And just as the base is still contributing to Calcasieu Parish, Claire Chennault's innovative changes still contribute to the modern armed forces.
Two of General Chennault's sons live in Ferriday Robert and Claire "Pat'' Another son, Max, lives in Fayetteville, Georgia. Two daughters, Rosemay (Mrs. James Simrell) lives in West Monroe, and Peggy (Mrs. A. Robert Lee) lives in California. Three of Chennault's sons are deceased John, a retired Colonel in the Air Force; Charles, a retired Master Sergeant in the Air Force; and David, who served in the Navy in World War II.
There are also 36 grandchildren and two great-grandchildren, many of whom live in Louisiana.
Anna Chen Chennault, Chennault's second wife, and their two daughters, Cynthia and Claire Anna, live in Washington, D.C.
Claire Lee Chennault was 10 years old when the Wright Brothers made their first powered flight in 1903. Raised in the little community of Gilbert, near Waterproof, Claire was the son of John and Jessie Lee Chennault. His mother died when he was young and he became a loner, spending much time by himself in the nearby woods.
In a book he wrote later, "Way of a Fighter,'' Chennault said, "My earliest recollections are of roaming the oak woods and moss-draped cypress swamps in northeast Louisiana. Life in these woods and on the bayous and lakes taught me self-confidence and reliance and forced me to make my own decisions.''
Claire Chennault attended LSU for three years, but transferred to Louisiana State Normal for his senior year so he would be eligible for a teaching job. That same year, he attended a high school graduation ceremony in Winnsboro, and there met a young lady named Nell Thompson. They courted for a year, and married on Christmas Eve, 1911.
When World War I began, Chennault enlisted, and for a very short time was stationed at Gerstner Army Camp, south of Lake Charles near Holmwood. Then he went to Kelly Field in San Antonio, Texas.
"The Signal Corps rejected me for flight training three times,'' Chennault wrote later. "But taking advantage of the general confusion around Kelly, I found a few genial instructors who were willing to explain the fundamentals of flying from the rear cockpit of a Jenny.
``I was also in charge of fueling and checking the training planes, so whenever there was no cadet handy, I hopped in and racked up another hour of flying time.''
In the spring of 1920, the war ended and Chennault was honorably discharged. But that fall, he put in a request for a commission in the newly organized Air Service and was accepted for their first fighter pilot course.
In 1923, Claire Chennault was sent to Hawaii, where he was commanding officer of the 19th Pursuit Squadron at Luke Field at Pearl Harbor. It was in Hawaii that his sixth and last son, Robert, was born. A few years later, a daughter, Rosemary, was born.
"I think my Hawaiian duty was my happiest time in the Air Corps,'' Chennault wrote later. During this time, he initiated many new plans and tactics for military aircraft. He felt that the fighter techniques being taught then were "medieval jousting in dogfights.''
Chennault had a brilliant mind, far ahead of the military strategists of his day. He often sounded like a voice crying in the wilderness as he begged the military hierarchy to modernize training tactics.
"Even yet in 1931,'' he wrote, ``a World War I ace was still teaching the fighter tactics of 1918, including the dawn patrol and dogfight tactics which were completely inadequate against the new bombers.''
Chennault also tried to introduce the use of parachute troops, but was ridiculed for the suggestion.
He also advocated more firepower for fighting planes. "In 1936, engineers ridiculed my suggestion that four 30-caliber guns could be synchronized to fire through a propeller,'' he recalled. "They said it was impossible. But the next year I saw a Russian plane with synchronized guns in action against the Japanese in China.''
But military leaders weren't listening to Chennault. They didn't believe fighters could shoot down bombers. One officer even recommended that fighters drop a ball-and-chain device from above in the hope of fouling a bomber's propellers.
By 1936, Chennault had become executive officer of a pursuit group at Barksdale in Shreveport. But his disagreements with military leaders escalated, and he was asked to take a "health'' retirement. He accepted the offer.
It was after his first retirement that the Chennault children remember spending the most time with their father. Robert, who now lives in the Chennault homeplace at Ferriday, recalls: "My father was stern and insisted that we be extra good students, but he also was very good to us and spent a lot of time with us.
"He was very competitive, hating to lose at anything. He took me fishing until I became a better fisherman than he, and then he wouldn't fish with me anymore.
"He was an avid gardener. He loved his vegetables and didn't like other people in his garden. He would pick all his produce himself and take it to the kitchen. Then it was up to someone else.
"But he did insist that I keep his asparagus bed weeded, and until this day, I dislike asparagus like President Bush and his broccoli.''
Max Chennault agrees. "He was a good father. He often took us golfing, fishing, hunting and swimming and taught us to play bridge.''
All six sons of Chennault were in service during World War II, and they all came home safely. Daughter Peggy (Mrs. Robert Lee) of California says, "My husband, Bob Lee, was chief of supply for Chennault's Air Line. We and our two children lived in Shanghai, Canton, Hong Kong, Tianan and Tokyo until the Korean War. It was exciting, sometimes scary, but I wouldn't trade it for anything.''
Rosemary (Mrs. James Simrell), who now lives in West Monroe, recalls: "We saw quite a bit of Dad after he came back from China and was living in Monroe. He loved his flower garden and had many unusual plants in it, many that he'd brought home from China.''
In the 1930s, the Chennaults moved to San Antonio, Texas, where he was director of flight operations. They lived near a family named Hixson, and a member of that family, Edley Hixson of Lake Charles, remembers the Chennaults well. Edley recalls, "Max and I were friends and went to school together. I knew the family and thought that General Chennault was stern and very military.''
Then came another chapter in Chennault's career. "At midnight on April 30, 1937,'' wrote Chennault later, "with my family settled on the shores of Lake St. John near Waterproof, I officially retired from the U.S. Army with the rank of Captain. On the morning of May 1, I was on my way to San Francisco, China bound.''
Chennault originally planned to remain in China for three months, but he spent the rest of his life there. His new civilian job was to oversee the entire Chinese Air Force, and he was often discouraged because China had such a critical shortage of airplanes and trained pilots.
One day, Chennault saw five landing crackups, and watched several fighter-pilots, supposedly ready for combat, spin-in and kill themselves in basic trainers.
It took Chennault a long time to convince Chinese pilots that their lives were more important than saving face. They simply refused to bail out of a crippled plane because returning without their planes would cause them to lose face.
From the beginning, Chennault liked and respected General and Madame Chiang Kai-shek. Since she was the Secretary General of the Chinese Air Force, she was his boss.
"I have worked with Madam Chiang through long years of bitter defeat,'' he wrote later, "and through victories that now seem even more bitter because their promise of peace has not been fulfilled. I believe she is one of the world's most accomplished, brilliant and determined women.''
After World War II began, Chennault was recalled to military service, then assigned to continue the work he was doing in China.
Chennault recruited volunteers to fight the Japanese in China. The Secretary of the Navy as well as the Secretary of the Army agreed to let their flyers resign from their branch of the service to fly with Chennault, and, without prejudice, to return to their prior jobs when the war was over.
The name "Flying Tigers'' came into being about this time. Chennault explained it this way: "Suddenly, we were swamped with newspaper clippings and we were being called the Flying Tigers. But the insignia we made famous was by no means original with us.
"Our pilots copied the shark-tooth design on the P-40s from a colored illustration in the India Illustrated Weekly. Even before that, the German Air Force painted it on some of its Messerschmitts. At any rate, we were somewhat surprised to find ourselves billed under that name.''
True to form, General Claire Chennault was outspoken about several other generals he felt were impeding the war effort in China. His comments sparked a furor, and in 1945, two months before the war ended, he was again retired from the military on another "health'' disability.
"We were flying home when news of the Japanese surrender reached me via our plane radio,'' he said.
Chennault did not remain in the states. Soon he was back in China, where he founded the Civil Air Transport (CAT) which operated under the Flying Tiger insignia. Its job was to carry relief supplies from Canton and Shanghai into the interior of China. They flew tons of seeds, medicine, food, farm equipment and banknotes into isolated areas.
By this time, Chennault and Nell had divorced, and he had married a young Chinese girl, Ann Chen, who was a reporter for the Central News Agency.
Ten years later, Chennault's bronchitis grew worse and a doctor discovered he had cancer. He went through an operation and doctors removed most of his lung.
Two months later, Chennault was back in China. But a year later, a spot was again found in his lung and the doctors sent him to America and New Orleans, where he was under the care of Dr. Alton Ochsner. During this time, he managed a reunion with all his children and grandchildren.
Shortly before his death, Chennault was asked to testify before the House Un-American Activities Committee of the U.S. Congress.
When the committee member asked him who won the Korean War, he replied bluntly, "The communists.''
Asked about foreign aid, he said, "We send people to distribute that aid. . We send some of the dumbest, most ignorant people I have ever encountered. We have to change our whole method of giving aid. We have to get down and contact the people, make friends with them at all levels.''
Three months later, on July 27, 1958, General Claire Lee Chennault died. He was buried in the National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia.
And a few months later, on Friday, Nov. 14, 1958, Lake Charles held a celebration during which the Lake Charles Air Force Base was named Chennault in honor of the late general.
Today, the base has become Chennault Airpark, filling a new role but still carrying General Claire Chennault's name.
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On December 2, a German reconnaissance unit reached the Khimki – a small town only five miles from Moscow. This marked the furthest German advance. With temperatures reaching -50 degrees, and still lacking winter equipment, the Germans were forced to halt their offensives.
Battle of Moscow - The Soviet counter-offensive
On 5 December 1941, Zhukov launched a massive Soviet counter-attack against the German forces, with the biggest offensive launched against Army Group Centre. The offensive unfolded in all sectors of the Moscow area on 6 December. During the autumn, Zhukov had been transferring fresh, well-equipped and well-trained Soviet forces from Siberia and the Far East to Moscow, but held them in reserve until the set date of the counter-offensive. The plan was based on intelligence data by Richard Sorge, a German communist and spy who worked for the Soviet Union. This information ensured the High Command of the Red Army that Japan would not attack in the east. Now with the enemy too close to the heart of USSR to ignore, Zhukov threw the reinforcements against the German lines, along with freshly-built T-34 tanks and Katyusha rocket launchers. The new Soviet troops were prepared for winter warfare, and they included several ski battalions. Possessing a reserve of 58 divisions, he unleashed a counter-offensive to push the Germans back from Moscow. The beginning of the attack coincided with Adolf Hitler ordering German forces to assume a defensive stance. Unable to organize a solid defense in their advance positions, the Germans were forced from Kalinin on the 7th and the Soviets moved to envelop the 3rd Panzer Army at Klin. This failed and the Soviets advanced on Rzhev. In the south, Soviet forces relieved pressure on Tula on December 16. Two days later, Bock was sacked in favor of Field Marshal Günther von Kluge. This was largely due to Hitler's anger over German troops conducting a strategic retreat against his wishes. The exhausted and freezing Germans were routed and thrown back 100 to 250 km by 7 January 1942. The Soviet army consolidated their positions by April 1942, having definitely eliminated the German threat to Moscow. The Red army was aided in their efforts by extreme cold and poor weather which minimized the Luftwaffe's operations. As soon as the weather improved in late December and early January the Luftwaffe reseal intensive bombing in support of German ground forces This slowed the enemy advances and by January 7, the Soviet counter-offensive came to an end
.
As a result of the successful counter-attack, Tula was taken by the Soviets on December, 16. North of Moscow, Kalinin was taken back on Jaunary 7, 1942. However, Vyazma offensive operation carried out until April 20, 1942 failed eventually. The Germans continued to threaten Moscow from this direction.
The victory in the battle of Moscow provided an important boost for Soviet morale, as the German army had now lost its fame of invincible force. Having failed to defeat the Soviet Union in a quick strike, the German army had to prepare for a long and bloody struggle. The Blitzkrieg didn't succeed.
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Battle of Wake Island

The battle began simultaneously with the Attack on Pearl Harbor and ended on 23 December 1941, with the surrender of the American forces to the Japanese. It was fought on and around the atoll formed by Wake Island and its islets of Peale and Wilkes Islands by the air, land and naval forces of the Empire of Japan against those of the United States of America, with Marines playing a prominent role on both sides. The island was held by the Japanese until 4 September 1945, when the remaining Japanese garrison surrendered to a detachment of United States Marines.
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Gilbert Islands Campaign


13 Nov 1943 - 24 Nov 1943
The invasion fleet, Task Force 52, set sail for an invasion on the Gilbert Islands from Pearl Harbor on 10 Nov 1943. The force sailed with 35,000 troops, 120,000 tons of supplies, and six thousand vehicles. The invasion fleet was divided into two. Rear Admiral Richmond Turner headed up the northern force; the southern was led by Rear Admiral Harry Hill, Turner's deputy. The Navy and Marines portion operation was dubbed Operation Galvanic, involving General Holland Smith's marines. The Army portion was named Operation Kourbash.
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Jacket, Field, M-1943, Women .
made of wind resistant, water repellent cotton fabric. The M-1943 women's field jacket was similar in its general features to the one issued to men. Just the breast pockets and fly front was omitted while a button front was included. Additionally the female version has an inside pull string at waist height for adjustable fitting.
Hood, Jacket, Field, M-1943, Women's
.
made of same material as the jacket. It was designed for wear over the head with or without the wool knitted cap or the M-1 steel helmet.
Additionally, the hood provided enough space to wear the large and bulky earphone assembly and wire attachments when needed (example can be found in "US. Army Uniforms of WWII" by Shelby Stanton, p.232).
The hood was small enough to fit in the pocket of the jacket when it was not used.

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Churchill's speeches boosted the British empires morale during the darkest moments
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The conquest of Greece was completed in May with the capture of Crete from the air, although the Fallschirmjäger suffered such extensive casualties in this operation that the Germans abandoned large-scale airborne operations for the remainder of the war.
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Rudolf Hess travelled to England in 1941 to try to broker peace with Great Britain; he offered that Germany should withdraw from most of what was then Nazi-occupied Europe in exchange for Britain's promise to support Germany in its war against the Soviet Union. Captured by a farmhand after he parachuted into Scotland, Hess was eventually taken on Winston Churchill's orders to the Tower of London, and was kept imprisoned, first in Wales and then in Cornwall, for the remainder of the war. In 1946, he was convicted by the International Military Tribunal of crimes against peace and conspiracy with other German officials to commit crimes. Unlike his former co-conspirator Goering, however, Hess was not found guilty of war crimes or crimes against humanity, and was sentenced to life imprisonment. He was held thereafter in Spandau Prison in West Berlin (eventually becoming its sole inmate after the release of Albert Speer and Baldur von Schirach in 1966), until his death on 17 August 1987 at the age of 93. He was buried at Wunsiedel, and the prison was demolished to prevent it from becoming a shrine for neo-Nazis.

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Timeline - The London Blitz 1940 - 1941








3rd September 1939 - War declared

The first air raid siren sounds - it was a false alarm.



September 1939 - children are evacuated from London to the country.
About 1,500,000 Anderson shelters given out to poorer families.



25th August 1940 - the first bomb drops on London, probably by mistake. It is thought that a bomber pilot was meant to drop bombs on aircraft factories in South London mistakenly dropped them on the City of London.



7th September 1940 - the first real air raid of the London Blitz takes place. It comprised over 300 bombers escorted by more than 600 fighter planes. They started bombing the East End before they carried on to bomb the City and Central London.
This raid caused more than 1000 fires
430 people were killed and 1600 badly injured.
Damage was caused to two major power stations, homes and factories along the Thames and three major London railway stations.



17th September 1940 - a bomb hit Marble Arch Underground station killing 17 people.



18th September 1940 - the Lambeth Walk was destroyed as was the John Lewis department store in Oxford Street.



15th October 1940 - 430 people were killed in the bombing, five major railway stations were badly damaged, the City of London's watermain was also damaged as was the major Fleet sewer.
By mid October there were around 250,000 people made homeless by the Blitz.



14th November 1940 - this dated signalled the end of the nightly raids on London. German bombers raided Coventry instead.



15th November 1940 - the Luftwaffe returns to London hitting almost every borough. It uses a new bomb nicknamed Satan - it was huge - 1800 megatons of high explosive and it was a delayed action bomb.
The main Post Office sorting depot at Mount Pleasant was hit as was the National Portrait Gallery, Westminster Abbey and Euston Station.



November 1940 - about 3000 unexploded bombs were waiting to be defused around London by the end of the month.



29th December 1940 - incendiaries dropped on the City of London caused over 1400 fires including six that were classed as conflagrations, one of which covered half a square mile
The Guildhall was damaged, only its walls stood, eight churches designed by Sir Christopher Wren were destroyed as was Paternoster Row, a major telephone exchange, the Central Telegraph Office and guild company halls.
Also damaged that night were five mainline stations, nine hospitals, sixteen Underground stations and St Paul's was hit by incendiaries.



11th January 1941 - 117 people were killed in Bank Underground station when it took a direct hit.



19th March 1941 - a 500 bomber raid on the docks and East End of London killed 750 people and injured over a 1000 people seriously.



16th April 1941 - a 685 bomber raid caused more than 2000 fires and killed well over 1000 people. This raid also damaged or destroyed irreplaceable historic churches and other buildings.



19th April 1941 - This was the biggest bombing raid of the London Blitz so far with more high explosive and incendiaries dropped than any other night previously.



10th May 1941 - a 550 bomber raid dropped more than 700 tons of bombs and thousands of incendiaries. This was probably the worst raid of the Blitz.
Nearly 1500 people were killed and around 1800 seriously injured.
The Chamber of the House of Commons (Parliament) was destroyed.
The House of Lords, Westminster Abbey, Westminster Hall, St James's Palace and Lambeth Palace were amongst the many buildings damaged. Almost all the major mainline railway stations were also damaged as were 14 hospitals, the British Museum and the Old Bailey.

This was the last of the major raids on London in this period. There were occasional attacks over the following three years but raids on London only began again in earnest in June 1944 when the Germans started using flying bombs.
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An Air raid shelter in a London Underground station in London during The Blitz.
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In early 1941, British forces were engaged in Operation Compass, an attempt to drive the Italians out of North Africa. On 21 January 1941, the Australian 6th Division made an assault to capture the Italian-garrisoned port of Tobruk, which offered one of the few good harbours between Alexandria and Tripoli.
The Italian Army was unable to put up an effective resistance. The Italian commander, General Petassi Manella, was taken prisoner after 12 hours of battle, and 24 hours later the Australian troops had cleaned up the remaining resistance. The Australians lost 49 dead and 306 wounded, while capturing 27,000 Italian POWs, 208 guns and 28 tanks. Many serviceable trucks and a large quantity of supplies were also captured (as the Italian Army was getting ready to advance toward Egypt). The Italians had constructed some impressive defences, including a perimeter of concrete pits.
By the end of the first week in February, Operation Compass had resulted in the Italian forces being driven from Cyrenaica and in the surrender of the Italian 10th Army.
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here is a link to some awesome then/now photos
http://www.western-desert.de/Gallery.htm
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Franklin Delano Roosevelt
(January 30, 1882 – April 12, 1945)
sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill
(30 November 1874 – 24 January 1965)
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The Battle of the Atlantic was the dominating factor all through the war. Never for one moment could we forget that everything happening elsewhere, on land, at sea or in the air depended ultimately on its outcome.
Winston Churchill
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the first president to have a presidential aircraft.
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F.D. Roosevelt was one of the eight presidents that died while in office.
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Did you know that F.D. Roosevelt was the first president to speak on television?
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Where Did Fala Come From? Fala was born on April 7, 1940 and given as a present to FDR by Mrs. Augustus G. Kellog of Westport, CT. After a short stay with FDR's cousin, Margaret "Daisy" Suckley, for obedience training, Fala arrived at the White House on November 10, 1940.
Fala's Name As a puppy, Fala had been originally named "Big Boy," but FDR was soon to change that. Using the name of his own 15th century Scottish ancestor (John Murray), FDR renamed the dog "Murray the Outlaw of Falahill, which quickly became shortened to "Fala."
Constant Companionshttp://i.imgur.com/jhS6s.jpg

Roosevelt doted on the little dog. Fala slept in a special bed near the President's feet and was given a bone in the morning and dinner at night by the President himself. He wore a leather collar with a silver plate that read, "Fala, the White House."
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Fala traveled everywhere with Roosevelt, accompaning him in the car, on trains, in airplanes, and even on ships. Since Fala had to be walked during long train rides, Fala's presence often revealed that President Roosevelt was on board. This led the Secret Service to codename Fala as "the informer."
While in the White House and while traveling with Roosevelt, Fala met many dignitaries including British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Mexican President Manuel Camacho. Fala entertained Roosevelt and his important visitors with tricks, including being able to sit up, rolling over, jump up, and curl his lip into a smile.

Becoming Famous and a Scandal Fala became a celebrity in his own right. He had appeared in numerous photographs with the Roosevelts, was seen at major events of the day, and even had a movie made about him in 1942. Fala had become so popular that thousands of people wrote him letters, causing Fala to need his own secretary to respond to them. Republicans even used Fala to slander President Roosevelt. A rumor was spread that President Roosevelt had accidentally left Fala in the Aleutian Islands during a trip there and had then spent millions of taxpayer dollars to send a destroyer back for him. FDR answered these allegations in his famous "Fala Speech." In his speech to the Teamsters Union in 1944, FDR said that both he and his family somewhat expected malicious statements to be made about themselves, but that he had to object when such statements were made about his dog.

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After being President Roosevelt's companion for five years, Fala was devastated when Roosevelt passed away on April 12, 1945. Fala rode on the President's funeral train from Warm Springs to Washington and then attended President Roosevelt's funeral. Fala spent his remaining years living with Eleanor Roosevelt at Val-Kill. Although he had lots of room to run and play with his canine grandson, Tamas McFala, Fala never quite got over the loss of his beloved master.
Fala passed away on April 5, 1952 and was buried near President Roosevelt in the rose garden at Hyde Park.
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page 90 - end
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thanks for enjoying book 1 of 2
coming soon book 2 of 2
-alxone