scrapbook 1 (ww2)

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pages 20&21

page 20 (clipping 1)


m6 heavy tank
In 1941 - 1942 three prototypes were built by the Baldwin Locomotive Works, one with electric transmission and two with torque converter transmission. Variants with hydramatic transmission were never completed. The prototypes also differed in hull assembly method - one had welded hull and two cast hull. On 26 May 1942 two variants with torque converter transmission were standardized as M6 and M6A1. Standardization of the electric transmission equipped T1E1 as M6A2 was never approved, but manufacturing of the vehicle was nevertheless recommended. It was proposed by the Ordnance Corps that 115 T1E1s would be built for the US Army and 115 M6s and M6A1s for US allies. The production started in December 1942. Some minor changes were introduced in the production vehicles: the cupola was replaced by a double-door hatch with a ring mount, the machine gun in a rotor mount and the left front machine gun were removed.
However by the time the M6 was ready for production, the Armored Corps had lost interest in the project. The advantages the M6 offered over medium tanks - its much thicker armor and slightly more powerful gun - were offset partly by the shortcomings of the design - such as very high silhouette, awkward internal layout and reliability problems - and partly by logistical concerns. By the end of 1942, the Armored Corps were sure that the new M4 Sherman gave adequate solution for the present and the near future, while being reliable, cheap and much easier to transport.
Work on M6 didn't stop at once. The T1E1 prototype was tested with a T7 90 mm gun and was found to be a satisfactory gun platform, although poor turret layout was noted again. In August 1944 the Ordnance Corps recommended using the T1E1s produced to build 15 77-ton vehicles designated M6A2E1, with thicker (up to 7.5-inch (190 mm) vertical protection) glacis armor and a turret developed for the T29 Heavy Tank, armed with a T5E1 105 mm gun. The proposal was rejected by General Eisenhower. However, by late 1942 main development effort shifted to other projects, one of which eventually resulted in the M26 Pershing.
On 14 December 1944 the M6 was declared obsolete. Only forty units were produced and they never left US soil. Several toured the United States for propaganda purposes, where they gave performance displays (such as car crushing) at War Bond drives and the like. All were eventually scrapped except for a single T1E1 which is on display at the United States Army Ordnance Museum, Aberdeen, Maryland.
Some suspension parts were used in the heavy Excelsior A33 Tank prototypes.

Variants

• T1 - Cast hull, hydramatic transmission. Never built.
• T1E1 - Cast hull, electric transmission. Often unofficially referred to as M6A2. 20 units built.
• T1E2 / M6 - Cast hull, torque converter transmission. 8 units built.
• T1E3 / M6A1 - Welded hull, torque converter transmission. 12 units built.
• T1E4 - Welded hull, hydramatic transmission. Never built.
• M6A2E1 - Uparmored T1E1 with a new turret armed with a T5E1 105 mm gun. Used for testing T29 project armament system.

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  M6 .
  
  
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  M6A1. Note its angular welded hull, as opposed to rounded cast hulls of M6 and T1E1.
  
  
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  T1E1.
  
  
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  M6A2E1 at Aberdeen Proving Ground on 7-th of June 1945.
  
  

page 20 (clipping 2)

flag of 1812

flag in 1941

fun New Orleans fact
During the War of 1812, the British sent a force to conquer the city. The Americans decisively defeated the British troops, led by Sir Edward Pakenham, in the Battle of New Orleans on January 8, 1815.
page 21 (clipping 1)

The Atlantic Charter is one of the key documents of the 20th century and remains still relevant today. President Roosevelt and Primeminister Churchill meet aboard the Prince of Wales on August 9-13, 1941 at Placentia Bay. The Prince of Wales had been badly mauled by Bismark in May. It was to be sunk by a Japanese aerial attack in December. Roosevelt and Churchill issue the Atlantic Charter. The two were war time allies. Britain had weathered the worst that the NAZI Luftwaffe could throw at it. America and Britain were fighting the U-boats in the North Atlantic to keep Britain alive. It was clear that America would soon be drawn into the War. America had already played an important role in keeping Britain alive and the two countries were the only hope of the occupied European and in fact Western civilization itself--threatened by the evil tide of NAZI tyranny. The two leaders, the two most important men of the 20th century, agreed to a simple, but elegant eight-point statement of their aims which today still stands as the central credo of the Atlantic Alliance.
First, their countries seek no aggrandizement, territorial or other;
Second, they desire to see no territorial changes that do not accord with the freely expressed wishes of the peoples concerned;
Third, they respect the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live; and they wish to see sovereign rights and self government restored to those who have been forcibly deprived of them;
Fourth, they will endeavor, with due respect for their existing obligations, to further the enjoyment by all States, great or small, victor or vanquished, of access, on equal terms, to the trade and to the raw materials of the world which are needed for their economic prosperity;
Fifth, they desire to bring about the fullest collaboration between all nations in the economic field with the object of securing, for all, improved labor standards, economic advancement and social security;
Sixth, after the final destruction of the Nazi tyranny, they hope to see established a peace which will afford to all nations the means of dwelling in safety within their own boundaries, and which will afford assurance that all the men in all lands may live out their lives in freedom from fear and want;
Seventh, such a peace should enable all men to traverse the high seas and oceans without hindrance;
Eighth, they believe that all of the nations of the world, for realistic as well as spiritual reasons must come to the abandonment of the use of force. Since no future peace can be maintained if land, sea or air armaments continue to be employed by nations which threaten, or may threaten, aggression outside of their frontiers, they believe, pending the establishment of a wider and permanent system of general security, that the disarmament of such nations is essential. They will likewise aid and encourage all other practicable measure which will lighten for peace-loving peoples the crushing burden of armaments.
Hitler's Reaction

The Atlantic Charter was just a declaration. Hitler senced the propaganda import of the Charter. He instructed Goebbels not to publish it least it give any inspiration to the people of occupied Europe or cause concern with the German public. [Black, p. 656.]

Public Reaction

Public reaction was muted. Public opinion in Britain aplauded the principles enuciated and Ameruican support in the war against the NAZIs. But there was still no clear statement of American entry into the War. Churchill himself had hoped for more, but had to be content with what occurred. The term "Atlantic Charter" was coined by the Daily Herald, a London newspaper. Only after the newspapers began referring to their statement as the "Atlantic Charter" did first Churchill and the Roosevelt begin using that term. The term "charter" appealed because it had aoft sound and avoided the issu of an alliance. The President knew that an alliance would require Congressional approval and be strongly resisted by the Isolatiinists. American public opinion generally agreed with the principles. Editorial opinion was predictablt divided along interbentionist and non-interventionit lines. By this time, the Isolantists had lost every important struugle with FDR. The one remaining issue was American entry in the War. Here the Isolationists still held the support of the American people. In that regard while the Churchill-Roosevely meeting was publicized, there was no publicity given to the meetings between American and British military commanders, especially as they went beyond protecing Atlantic convoys.
page 21 (clipping 2&3)


Birth: Nov. 22, 1844
Red Bank
Monmouth County
New Jersey, USADeath: May 28, 1948
Highlands
Monmouth County
New Jersey, USA
Died in her 104th Year
Daughter of Horatio Mount and Marie Matilda McCarr
Wife of Charles Johnson who died in 1871
Mother of Unknown Johnson Patterson, William H. Johnson, and Margaret Johnson Liming
Wife of James Kingsbury
Mother of Georgana Kingsbury Emmons, Hattie Kingsbury, Katie L. Kingsbury Darby Eilenberger
Wife of John Wesley Minton who died in 1902
Mother of Deborah Minton Bogue
Grandmother to 11 grandchildren
Great Grandmother to 29 great grandchildren
Great Great Grandmother to 24 great great grandchildren
Great Great Great Grandmother of 1 great great great child.
(its good to know that she not only saw the end of the war but victory )

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pages 23&23

page 22 (clipping 1)

On March 5, 1941 President Dr. Arnulfo Arias of the Republic of Panama eased a big U.S. defense worry. In a manifesto he declared Panama would co-operate in hemisphere defense by providing the U.S. air bases in Panama's territory. This set U.S. military minds at rest for two reasons: 1) the U.S. would get needed bases and 2) the U.S. would not have as much troubled with President Arias as it once was feared it might.
The Panama Canal is vital to U.S. defense because it enables a one-ocean Navy to fight in two oceans. To protect the Canal against air raiders, the U.S. must station planes outside the Canal Zone to intercept bombers before they get near the Canal. Already the U.S. has at least one base outside the Zone (Rio Hato). under the new arrangement it will have other bases, listening posts, communications centers and anti-aircraft stations scattered all throughout the isthmus jungles.
The U.S. had fears of trouble with President Arias, who is a graduate of Harvard Medical School, because after his election last autumn Dr. Arias adopted a strong nationalist, "Panama for Panamanians" policy. He did not seem disposed to help the U.S. Now that he is so disposed, the first line of Canal defense will be pushed farther out in front of the big guns which guard the Canal Zone's two coasts.

page 22 (clipping 2)


History of DLIFLC


The Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center (DLIFLC) traces its roots to the eve of America’s entry into World War II, when the U.S.Army established a secret school at the Presidio of San Francisco to teach the Japanese language. Classes began November 1, 1941, with four instructors and 60 students in an abandoned airplane hangar at Crissy Field. The students were mostly second-generation Japanese-Americans (Nisei) from the West Coast. Nisei Hall is named in honor of these earliest students, whose heroism is portrayed in the Institute’s Yankee Samurai exhibit. The headquarters building and academic library bear the names of our first commandant, Colonel Kai E. Rasmussen, and the director of academic training, John F. Aiso.
During the war the Military Intelligence Service Language School (MISLS), as it came to be called, grew dramatically. When Japanese-Americans on the West Coast were moved into internment camps in 1942, the school moved to temporary quarters at Camp Savage, Minnesota. By 1944 the school had outgrown these facilities and moved to nearby Fort Snelling.
More than 6,000 graduates served throughout the Pacific Theater during the war and the subsequent occupation of Japan. Three academic buildings are named for Nisei graduates who fell in action: George Nakamura, Frank Hachiya, and Y. “Terry” Mizutari.



page 23


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FbT3QghHOcQ

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pages 24&25

page 24

instead of reviewing coastal defense again lets take a quick look at the gulf of mexico campaign
Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico Campaigns Timeline
13 Feb 1942 Axis submarines arrived in waters near Aruba. .16 Feb 1942 Operation Neuland: German submarine U-156 attacked ships and shore facilities at Aruba, while other German and Italian submarines attacked Allied shipping off Aruba and Venezuela.17 Feb 1942 Dutch Marines attempted to disarm an unexploded torpedo at Aruba, launched by German submarine U-156 during the prior day's attack. The torpedo detonated unexpectedly, killing 4.3 Mar 1942 A German submarine shelled Mona near Puerto Rico, causing little damage. 19 Apr 1942 German submarine U-130 attempted to bombard oil storage tanks at Curaçao but was driven away by coastal defense guns. 4 May 1942 German submarine U-507 sank US tankers Norlindo (killing 5 of 28 aboard), Munger T. Ball (killing 30 of 34 aboard), and Joseph M. Cudahy (killing 27 of 37 aboard) off the Florida Keys archipelago about 100 kilometers west of the tip of Florida, United States.6 May 1942 German submarine U-507 sank US freighter Alcoa Puritan 60 kilometers south of Mobile, Alabama, United States. 10 May 1942 German submarine U-506 damaged US tanker Aurora 50 kilometers south of New Orleans, Louisiana, United States, killing 1 of 50 aboard.12 May 1942 German submarine U-507 sank US tanker Virginia immediately off the Mississippi River Delta in the Gulf of Mexico, killing 27 of 41 aboard.13 May 1942 German submarine U-69 damaged American cargo ship Norlantic with two torpedoes at 0338 hours and deck gun at 0347 hours en route between Pensacola, Florida, United States and Venezuela; Norlantic's crew signaled for a ceasefire so the crew could board lifeboats, but U-69 continued to fire sinking the ship at 0411 hours; 12 men were killed during this attack. South of New Orleans, Louisiana, United States, U-507 damaged US tanker Gulfprince while U-506 sank US tanker Gulfpenn (killing 13 of 38 aboard) and US freighter David McKelvy (killing 17 of 36 aboard.14 May 1942 German submarine U-564 sank Mexican tanker Potrero del Llano off Florida, United States and German submarine U-106 sank Mexican tanker Faja de Oro off Key West, Florida. 16 were killed in the two attacks.16 May 1942 German submarine U-506 damaged US tankers Sun and William C. McTarnahan (killing 18 of 38 aboard) and sank US tanker Gulfoil (killing 21 of 40 aboard) 50 kilometers south of New Orleans, Louisiana, United States.19 May 1942 German submarine U-506 sank US freighter Heredia 100 kilometers southwest of New Orleans, Louisiana, United States, killing 36 of 62 aboard. 200 kilometers southeast of New Orleans and 200 kilometers west of Havana, Cuba, U-103 sank US freighter Ogontz, killing 19 of 41 aboard.20 May 1942 German submarine U-155 damaged American freighter Sylvan Arrow (of the Standard Oil and Transportation Company) southwest of Grenada; there would be an attempt to tow her back to port, but she would ultimately sink before she reached port. 60 kilometers west of Havana, Cuba, German submarine U-753 sank American liberty ship George Calvert with three torpedoes; 10 of 61 aboard were killed during the attack, and 3 survivors were killed while being captured by the Germans; the survivors of George Calvert were freed after interrogation and sent to Cuba on lifeboats. Also on this date, U-506 sank US tanker Halo 50 kilometers south of New Orleans, Louisiana, United States, killing 21 of 42 aboard.26 May 1942 German submarine U-106 sank US tanker Carrabulle (killing 22 of 40 aboard) and damaged US freighter Atenas in the center of the Gulf of Mexico about 150 kilometers south of Louisiana, United States.28 May 1942 American freighter Sylvan Arrow (of the Standard Oil and Transportation Company), damaged by German submarine U-155 on 20 May 1942, sank while under tow.1 Jun 1942 German submarine U-106 sank US freighter Hampton Roads 150 kilometers west of Havana, Cuba, killing 5 of 28. 3 Jun 1942 German submarine U-502 sank US freighter M. F. Elliott off the Florida Keys archipelago, Florida, United States, killing 13 of 45 aboard.11 Jun 1942 German submarine U-157 sank American tanker Hagan 5 miles north of Cuba; 6 were killed, 38 survived. 12 Jun 1942 German submarine U-158 sank US tanker Cities Service Toledo 40 kilometers south of Abbeville, Louisiana, United States, killing 15 of 45 aboard.13 Jun 1942 United States Coast Guard Cutter Thetis attacked German submarine U-157 southwest of Key West, Florida, United States on the surface. After U-157 dove, Thetis dropped depth charge attack, and after several minutes reported debris and oil on floating to the surface from the destroyed U-157.23 Jun 1942 German submarine U-158 sank US Army transport Major General Henry Gibbins 400 miles west of Key West, Florida, United States. The entire crew of 47 and all 21 passengers survived, to be rescued on the following day.13 Jul 1942 Destroyer USS Landsdowne sank German submarine U-153 in the Caribbean Sea 50 kilometers northwest of the Atlantic side of the Panama Canal.15 Jul 1942 German submarine U-571 disabled tanker Pennsylvania Sun 200 kilometers west of Key West, Florida, United States at 0749 hours; 2 were killed, 59 survived on 3 lifeboats. The tanker would later be repaired and would return to service.16 Jul 1942 German submarine U-160 fatally damaged tanker Beaconlight with 2 torpedos 10 miles northwest of Galera Point, Trinidad at 0934 hours; 1 was killed, 38 survived in 3 lifeboats; Dutch tug Roode Zee sank the wreck to prevent it from becoming a hazard. German submarine U-161 attacked Allied convoy AS-4 500 miles north of St. Thomas, Virgin Islands at 1543 hours; the Germans observed two hits, both of which were made against the transport Fairport, which sank with all 123 aboard surviving in two lifeboats and five rafts. German submarine U-166 stopped trawler Gertrude 30 miles northeast of Havana, Cuba; Gertrude was sunk by gunfire after the crew abandoned ship as ordered.30 Jul 1942 German submarine U-166 attacked American freighter Robert E. Lee 50 kilometers southwest of New Orleans, Louisiana, United States. Escorting patrol chaser USS PC-556 counterattacked with depth charges and sank the submarine, although the sinking was not confirmed until after the war.28 Aug 1942 German submarine U-94 attacked Allied convoy TAW-15 off Haiti. American PBY Catalina aircraft, Canadian corvette HMCS Halifax, Canadian corvette HMCS Snowberry, and Canadian corvette HMCS Oakville counterattacked, forcing the submarine to the surface. HMCS Oakville then rammed U-94 twice, leaving it dead in the water. A Canadian boarding party captured the submarine, killing two in the process. It was soon realized that the Germans had already scuttled the ship, and the boarding party successful returned to HMCS Oakville. U-94 sank with 19 of her crew; 26 survived.3 Sep 1942 British destroyers HMS Vimy, HMS Pathfinder, and HMS Quentin sank German submarine U-162 northeast of Trinidad with depth charges, killing 2 in the process. 49 survivors were captured and sent to the United States as prisoners of war.4 Sep 1942 German submarine U-171 sank Mexican tanker Amaltan off the coast of Mexico in the Gulf of Mexico. 11 Sep 1942 German submarine U-514 sank Canadian ship Cornwallis off Bridgetown, Barbados in shallow waters. She would later be raised, put back into service, and lost again to another German submarine.27 Sep 1942 German auxiliary cruiser Stier sank American liberty ship Stephen Hopkins in the Caribbean Sea at about 1000 hours, but sustained damage in the engagement. Later on the same day, dead in the water, Stier's crew scuttled the ship just before noon.15 May 1943 An American reconnaissance aircraft detected German submarine U-176 off Havana, Cuba. Nearby Cuban submarine chaser CS-13, escorting two freighters, was notified and closed in, attacking with depth charges and sinking U-176, killing the entire crew.5 Jul 1943 German submarine U-759 sank American ship Maltran of Allied convoy GTMO-134 70 miles west of Port Salut, Haiti. The entire crew survived.7 Jul 1943 German submarine U-759 sank Dutch cargo ship Poelau Roebiah of Allied convoy TAG-70 east of Jamaica; 2 were killed and 68 survived.8 Jul 1943 German submarine U-759 was reportedly to be lost, though later records show she might had not been destroyed until 23 Jul 1943. 15 Jul 1943 US Navy Patrol Squadron 32 PBM-3C Mariner aircraft sank German submarine U-759 in the Caribbean Sea south of Haiti with depth charges (all 47 killed).18 Jul 1943 US Navy airship K-74 detected an enemy submarine in the Straits of Florida between the United States and Cuba at 2340 hours by radar and commenced the attack on German submarine U-134 10 minutes later. The anti-aircraft guns of U-134 hit the airship, and she crashed at 2355 hours. K-74 was the only American blimp to be shot down during the war.23 Jul 1943 US Navy PBM Mariner aircraft attacked a German submarine in the Caribbean Sea, possibly U-759. page 25 (clipping 1)


page 25 (clipping 2)

(note the wrong info in the clipping stating 41 planes were brought down )
the Japanese suffered very few losses themselves -- just 29 aircraft and five midget subs.

page 25 (clipping 3)


MANILA, Philippines -- In 1914, Jesus Antonio Villamor, a Filipino ace pilot who fought the Japanese invaders during World War II, and after whom Villamor Air Base was named, was born in Abra.
Villamor, who joined the Philippine Army Air Corps (PAAC) Flying School in his early 20s, was an outstanding cadet sent to the United States for advance flight training for three years instead of four years.
He also took part in the training of the US Air Force’s Strategic Bombing Squadron which used the B-17 and B-22 bomber planes.
After a variety of postings upon his return to the Philippines, he was assigned to lead the 6th Pursuit Squadron shortly before the Japanese invasion of the Philippines in December 1941.
Overmatched against Japanese Zeros, his squadron of P-26 Fighters held their own against fierce enemy in dogfight after dogfight. The Filipino pilots showed their courage and skills in the skies above Zablan and Batangas Fields.
After his squadron was destroyed, Villamor continued his war against the Japanese this time as an intelligence officer.
On Dec. 27, 1942, Villamor slipped through the Japanese Navy aboard the submarine USS Gudgeon (SS-211) and established communications from the Philippines to Australia where General Douglas MacArthur's headquarters was based.
He served as the “clearing house” of all the information, including the activities of the guerrilla (which was formed in anticipation of what was then believed as a short stay of the enemy in the Philippines) movements in Luzon, Visayas, and Mindandao.
These reports helped MacArthur immensely in planning his return to the Philippines, which took place in the beach of Leyte in Oct. 20, 1944, and eventually allowed the United States Armed Forces in the Far East (USAFFE) to map out a strategy to liberate the Philippines.
Hence, for his bravery as a pilot and ingenuity as an intelligence officer, President Ramon Magsaysay awarded Villamor the Medal of Valor, the highest Philippine military decoration on Jan. 21, 1954.
He also received the Distinguished Flying Cross and the Legion of Merit.
He died at the age of 56 on Oct. 28, 1971.

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pages 28&29

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WW II searchlights formed part of a system of aircraft detection linking (a) locator devices, (b) searchlights, and (c) antiaircraft (AAA) guns. The locators sent electronic information to the lights and guns, which in turn tracked the target in synch with each other. Once a locator of any of the aforementioned types had "locked on" to an aerial target, the concept was for both lights and guns to be trained on the target (via the height and distance data received from the locator) so the target could be nearly simultaneously illuminated and then destroyed. Locators were first based on sound and heat detection, and ultimately radar became the preferred method of target acquisition. Units were generally separate, but advances in radar technology late in the war saw the integration of radar into both searchlight and AAA gun designs. Antiaircraft artillery accuracy was at stake, both from tactical and economic points of view. In 1940, in England, for example, it took an average of 20,000 rounds of ammunition to down a single enemy aircraft! The demand for more accurate methods of engaging, tracking, and destroying aircraft, especially at night, was driven by the need to destroy more targets without expending lots of ammunition.


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page 29 (clipping 1)


page 29 (clipping 2)

NEWSPAPER CAPTION: AIR HEROES: Nine Japanese planes were shot down by these five young air corps officers during the raids on Oahu a week ago Sunday. Left to right they are-2nd Lt. Harry W. Brown, who bagged one Japanese plane; 2nd Lt. Philip M. Rasmmussen, one plane; 2nd Lt. Kenneth M. Taylor, two planes; 2nd Lt. George S. Welch, four planes; 1st Lt. Lewis M. Sanders, one plane. Lts. Welsh and Taylor are to receive Distinguished Service Crosses.

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pages 30&31
only one clipping

part 1

part 2

part 3


World War I Accomplishments of the American Red Cross
Europe was thrown into conflict in June 1914. At the beginning of the war, the American Red Cross was a small organization still in the process of developing its identity and programs. When the United States declared war against Germany on April 6, 1917, the organization began a period of extraordinary growth. By the time the war ended in November 1918, the Red Cross had become a major national humanitarian organization with strong leadership, a huge membership base, universal recognition, and a broad and distinguished record of service. Here are some of the highlights of that remarkable period in Red Cross history. Historical Summary
Within weeks of the outbreak of war, the American Red Cross dispatched a ship to Europe loaded with medical personnel and supplies. Named the SS Red Cross, it was better known as "the Mercy Ship." It carried 170 surgeons and nurses who were being sent to Europe to provide medical relief to combat casualties on both sides of the war. This was consistent with the articles of the Geneva Conventions and the principles of the Red Cross Movement that called for strict observation of neutrality and impartiality. Additional personnel and supplies followed but the Red Cross ended this effort after little more than a year, primarily because of lack of sufficient funding.
When the United States declared war against Germany, the American Red Cross found itself embarking on the adventure that would transform it almost overnight into the large and important organization it is today. As the public's patriotism rose to a fever pitch in the early days of the war, U.S. President Woodrow Wilson, as honorary chairman of the Red Cross, urged his fellow citizens to turn their energies into help for the organization that needed their voluntary support in order to meet the needs of the thousands of young men joining the Allied forces on the battlefields of Europe.
In those early days, Red Cross national headquarters reeled under the demands of the national war effort. Communities flooded the headquarters with requests to establish local chapters. Needs grew much faster than the infrastructures to support them and the situation was described as "chaotic." In May 1917, President Wilson appointed a War Council to direct the Red Cross under these circumstances and selected Henry P. Davison, a successful New York banker, as the Council's volunteer chairman.
Under Davison's leadership, the Red Cross accomplished the growth necessary to meet the challenges of a world war. Prominent volunteers from the banking and business communities took up key leadership positions, including Jesse H. Jones of Houston, Texas. The organization mobilized some 8 million volunteers who were assigned to service corps at the chapter level (see list below). By the war's end, nearly one-third of the U.S. population was either a contributing member of the Red Cross or a serving volunteer. In all, 20 million adults and 11 million youth claimed membership in the American Red Cross and more than 8 million adults served as volunteer workers.
The Red Cross created a complex organizational structure to fulfill its mission, consisting of boards, committees, offices, departments, and bureaus. In terms of the war effort, however, its functions fell into four categories.

1. Service to the American armed forces.
2. Service to Allied military forces, particularly the French.
3. Limited service to American and Allied prisoners of war.
4. Service to civilian victims of war, with an emphasis on the children of Europe.

As the United States neared its declaration of war with Germany, the U.S. Surgeon General asked the American Red Cross to organize base hospitals for service to the military. The Red Cross eventually established 54 hospitals overseas, mostly in France, and four at home. Once the United States entered the war, specialized Red Cross corps provided most services to American and Allied armed forces. Service to POWs consisted mostly of supplying food and comfort items to the International Committee of the Red Cross for distribution in the camps. The Red Cross sent 11 commissions to Europe to assess needs for and administer its services to U.S. and allied military forces and civilian war victims. The first commission, consisting of nine outstanding Americans who arrived in Paris on June 12, 1917, covered all of Europe. Later, commissions were sent to individual countries and regions impacted by the war, such as France, Great Britain, Italy, and the Balkan States. While the major concentration of effort was on the war, the Red Cross also provided services to civilians at home. Mostly this took the form of nursing activities and emergency response to natural disasters. In late 1918, however, the Red Cross met a major challenge on the home front. Fostered by wartime conditions, an influenza pandemic hit the United States and most of the rest of the world. It claimed between 20 and 40 million lives worldwide and U.S. deaths were estimated at 500,000. The Red Cross worked as an active auxiliary of the United States Public Health Service providing nurses and motor corps members, in particular, to assist the sick and dying until the pandemic died out in 1919.
Four months after the armistice was signed on March 1, 1919, the War Council disbanded and leadership of the Red Cross reverted to its Central Committee which had run the organization since it received its congressional charter in 1905. Chairman Henry Davison moved on to become the prime mover behind the formation of the League of Red Cross Societies, the umbrella organization of individual national societies now known as the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies.
By the early 1920s, the Red Cross had completed most of its work overseas and withdrew its commissions and most of its workers from foreign service. It also closed American Red Cross overseas chapters formed by Americans living abroad. The American Junior Red Cross, however, continued to support educational and recreational programs for European youth through the Children's Fund it had initiated right after the war. At home, the Red Cross continued to provide hospital, recreational, and rehabilitative services to veterans for many years. As the result of their wartime activities, 400 American Red Cross workers lost their lives from 1914-1921, including 296 nurses.

YMCA Service in the Great War

35,000 unpaid volunteers and 26,000 paid staff served in the YMCA during the First World War assisting the needs of the 4.8 million troops. They suffered 286 casualties and were awarded 319 citations and decorations including the French Legion d’Honneur, Order of the British Empire and the Distinguished Service Cross and Distinguished Service medal.

• They operated 26 R&R leave centers, 1,500 canteens and 4,000 “huts” serving 2 million American servicemen.
• The YMCA awarded 80,000 educational scholarships to veterans after the Great War, a forerunner of the GI Bill.
• They also provided humanitarian services to more than 5 million prisoners of war on both sides.
• From the time the US entered the war, until the Armistice was declared, thirty-three YMCA workers, twenty-nine men and four women gave their lives serving abroad..

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page 34&35

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Despite the attack on Pearl Harbor just three weeks prior, those fighting in World War II still found time for a little Christmas Spirit while in the Armed Forces.

page 35 (clipping 2)

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page 36&37

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At 12.20 p.m. on August 28, 2002, the Pisces IV and Pisces V, two deep diving submersibles operated by the Hawai‘i Undersea Research Laboratory (HURL), found the Japanese midget submarine which was the first vessel sunk in the attack on Pearl Harbor, December 7th, 1941. HURL is one of six national laboratories comprising NOAA's National Undersea Research Program. It is located at the University of Hawai‘i's School of Ocean and Earth Sciences and Technology. The sunken midget sub was located during the last of a series of test and training dives conducted annually in the military debris fields off Pearl Harbor. HURL is now undertaking its regular four to five month dive season of scientific and engineering dives focusing on fisheries enhancement , coral reef habitats, undersea volcanism, landslide monitoring, acoustic identification of fish and their habitats and other engineering and oceanographic studies.
This midget sub find has been described as the most significant modern marine archeological find ever in the Pacific, second only to the finding of the Titanic in the Atlantic. The Japanese midget sub was one of five attached to five I-class mother submarines and brought from Japan to be launched 5-6 hours before the aerial attack, within a few miles of Pearl Harbor. Each had a crew of two. The subs were battery powered , 78 feet long , 6 feet in diameter and weighed 46 tons. They carried two torpedoes and a scuttling charge to avoid capture. Although experimental in design, they were very advanced for the time. For short periods, they could run at 20 knots. These midget submarines were completed only months before the attack allowing little time for the crews to train. All of the five submarines comprising the advanced attack force were sunk or captured. The type A midget submarines had a series of basic design problems including trim and ballast control and problems both with battery life and battery monitoring. Later redesign, as five man midget submarines of the Koryu class, addressed but did not solve these problems. The Japanese midget submarines although believed at the time to be a potent secret weapon, in actual fact, were never highly effective. So far four of the five original midget submarines attacking Pearl Harbor have been found.
History

The discovery of the midget submarine confirms the account radioed to naval command at Pearl Harbor at 6:45 am on Dec. 7, 1941 . A Japanese submarine was shot through the conning tower and then depth charged trying to enter Pearl Harbor behind the USS Antares. The crew of the attacking USS Ward , an older style four stack destroyer, saw the midget sub lifted out of the water by depth charges after firing the fatal shot from its four inch side gun. The Ward's crew were Naval reservists from St. Paul, Minnesota. Unfortunately, Naval command in Pearl Harbor ignored the Ward's report and the aerial attack began at 8 am. At the Pearl Harbor investigation, some question was made of the accuracy of the Ward's report. The Ward is now vindicated. The Ward itself was later targeted by the Japanese and sunk in a kamikaze attack, ironically on Dec. 7, 1944, in the Philippines.

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On 20 December 1941, 25 miles west of Cape Mendocino, the Imperial Japanese Navy's I-17 shells and then fires two torpedoes at the 6, 912-ton Socony-Vacuum oil company tanker EMIDIO returning empty from Seattle to San Francisco. A patrolling PBY "Catalina" flying boat of Patrol Squadron (VP) 44 spots the EMIDIO dead in the water with people going over the sides and getting into lifeboats. The PBY also spots the I-17 on the surface and starts an attack. As depth charges are dropped, Commander Nishino Kozo dives and makes his escape. The EMIDIO, hit in the stern, does not sink. She is finally run aground off Crescent City, California, 85 miles north of where she was torpedoed. The Coast Guard Cutter SHAWNEE rescues 31 survivors.
That same day, Headquarters, Combined Fleet's Intelligence Bureau learns of the pending arrival of the battleships USS MISSISSIPPI, NEW MEXICO and the IDAHO on the West Coast. Vice Admiral Shimizu orders the I-17 along with the I-9 and the I-25 to intercept the battleships that are expected to arrive at Los Angeles on 25 December.
The July 1998 issue of World War II Magazine printed a story titled, West Coast War Zone by Donald J. Young. The following is an extract of that article dealing with this attack:

On December 20, two days after his attack on Samoa, Captain Nishino got his second chance at an American merchantman. Around 1:30 that afternoon, the Socony-Vacuum Oil Company's tanker Emidio, returning empty from Seattle to San Francisco, was about 20 miles off Cape Mendocino when a report came down to the captain that a sub had been sighted about a quarter of a mile off the stern and was closing.
Captain Clark Farrow, after first attempting to outrun the enemy raider, ordered "full speed, and dumped ballast, but...had no chance to escape. We were rapidly overtaken. The sub was making 20 knots. I tried to get behind her but [the sub] reversed course and kept after us."
Realizing the situation was hopeless, Farrow ordered his radio operator, W.S. Foote, to send an SOS, which he did, accompanied by the words, "Under attack by enemy sub." No sooner had the message been tapped out over the wireless than I-17 opened up with its deck gun, the first shot carrying away the radio antenna. Two more shots from the sub struck Emidio, one of which destroyed one of the lifeboats hanging in its davits on deck.
Farrow stopped the engines and hoisted a white flag, then ordered the crew to take to the lifeboats. "Three of the crew--R.W. Pennington, Fred Potts and Stuart McGillivray--were attempting to launch one of the boats when a shell struck it, spilling them into the water," said one of the crewmen later. "Other lifeboats were put over the side to search for the three missing men, but we couldn't find them."
With the exception of four men still on board and the three lost over the side, the remaining members of the 36-man crew quickly rowed away from the imperiled ship. About 10 minutes later, after a parting shot in the direction of the lifeboats, I-17 abruptly submerged. A couple of minutes later the reason for its sudden disappearance became apparent. "It may have been 10 or 15 minutes after the SOS when two U.S. bombers came roaring overhead from the coast," said Farrow later. "To us in the lifeboats it was a welcome sight. One of the two planes, circling where the sub had gone down, dropped a depth charge. We couldn't tell if it hit it or not."
The depth charge did not damage the sub. On board I-17, in fact, Captain Nishino had decided to risk attack from the American planes in order to take one torpedo shot at the abandoned tanker.
"We were still looking at where the sub went down," continued Farrow, "when we saw its periscope slowly push up above the surface. While still partially submerged it fired a torpedo from 200 yards. We could see the trail as it sped straight for the ship. It struck with a loud explosion."
On board Emidio, radioman Foote, who had quickly jury-rigged another antenna, was just preparing to send a second SOS when the torpedo hit. Undaunted by the blast, the dutiful wireless operator tapped out his SOS, added the words "Torpedoed in the stern," then calmly made his way to the main deck and jumped overboard.
The other men, oiler B.F. Moler, fireman Kenneth Kimes and 3rd engineer R.A. Winters--who had either ignored the order to abandon ship or were unaware of it--were still at their stations in the engine room when the torpedo struck. Astoundingly, Moler saw it penetrate the engine room bulkhead and pass so close to him that, as he told an examining medical officer the next day at the Eureka naval section base, "I could have reached out and touched it. It exploded on the other side of the engine room and killed Kimes and Winters outright." Despite three broken ribs and a punctured lung, Moler "somehow swam and climbed up to the upper deck and jumped overboard." Both Moler and Foote were picked up by the lifeboats.
"Back came the planes as the sub sank out of sight again," continued Farrow. "One of them dropped another depth charge. There was a big blast and plenty of smoke. That may have hit her, we figured, for we didn't see her again." Once again, however, the sub escaped damage. On February 23, 1942, I-17 would shell the Ellwood Oil Company refinery, 10 miles north of Santa Barbara--the first enemy shells to land on the continental United States in World War II.
Despite the torpedo hit, Emidio did not sink. Several days later, in fact, she ran aground on a pile of rocks off Crescent City, Calif., an amazing 85 miles north of where she had been torpedoed. The 31 survivors of the stricken ship rowed their lifeboats for 16 hours and 20 miles through a driving rainstorm until they were picked up by a Coast Guard lightship a few miles off Humbolt Bay.

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All schools conducted air raid drills and alerts. America was not actually attacked, but everyone had seen newsreels of Japanese bombing raids on Chimese cities (especially Shangahi) and German bombing of European cities (Warsaw, Rotterdam, London, and other English cities). If the War had lasted longer, the Germans would have also targeted American cities. At school children line-up and dutifully followed their teacher into the hallway and sat down against the wall. Often mothers volunteered to help at school as School Defense Aids (SDAs). Some parents would also pratice air raid drills at home. Families would hide underneath kitchen or diningroom tables. The Government advised each family to have an emergency supplies for possible air raids. These supplies included blankets, candles, matches, canned foods and water. After the surprise Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, there was great fear in California of a followup air raid along the west coast. The lights from east coast cities proved very iseful in silohuetting ships for German U-boats. Strict black out regulations were introduced. Children often helped their families to inspect the blackout curtains to make sure that they were properly in place each night.

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December 7, 1941 with the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and its military facilities the world fabric, as we knew it came apart at the seams overnight. Barely 20 years passed since WWI came to a close. Sept. 1, 1939 Germany invaded Poland and destroyed its Air Force in a few days. For two long years England’s young pilots had been flying combat against Germany’s bombers and fighters.

Upon hearing radio reports and seeing newspaper headlines thousands of men reported to Army recruiting offices to sign up. The call for experienced fliers went out but it was a call left unanswered with respect to immediate mobilization of pilots in numbers. Post-Depression America in 1939-1940 had a pitifully small and woefully under equipped Air Corps consisting of antiquated aircraft like the Stearman and Brewster Buffalo biplanes and few uniformed instructors. Airfields in use at the time were small and few USAAF facilities were initially earmarked or built for mass pilot training. Another problem became glaringly apparent after a few months of aerial combat. US pilots were up against the Axis' best trained and most experienced pilots. These deficiencies were about to change in short order.
The Western Technical Training Command was established for training of aircrew and ground mechanics to order to fly and service B-17s and other aircraft. Overnight the small towns of Phoenix, Yuma and Kingman, AZ became centers for training Allied airmen owing to excellent flying weather and interior security. Luke Field and Falcon Army Air Field in Phoenix were a mecca for US Aviation Cadets. Under Gen. Hap Arnold and Jimmy Doolittle the new Army Air Force took shape. Recognizing the need for combat skills and tight bomber organization experienced British and Canadian fliers advised and assisted the fledgling Army Air Force in getting airborne.

From Civilian to Qualified Pilot
The typical WWII pilot had limited or no experience with aircraft prior to his ETO service. Depending on the nature of being selected as Pilot [AVCAD] Bombardier, or Navigator, the service schools generally ran eight - ten weeks. Between schools, transfers and reporting for duty the normal bomber pilot evolution was approximately eight months in duration. Some cadet candidates with civil flight experience came from private colleges or universities and progressed through the system with many becoming senior officers and base unit commanders at a young age. One of the 351st BG Squadron Commanders, Col. Hatcher, was 26 yrs. old.
With the end of the war in sight, the USAAF cadet-training pipeline began filling up and then slowed to a crawl. Most flight schools and academies ceased training operations within a year with the last airmen graduating in December 1944.

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Before achieving his greatest fame in the 1950s as television's "Robin Hood", handsome Richard Greene had a significant if largely unremarkable film career, turning in several skillful leading man performances in the late 1930s before becoming type-cast in routine costume adventures. Like his friendly rival, Tyrone Power, Greene's good looks aided his entry into films but ultimately proved detrimental to his development as a film actor.

A descendant of four generations of film actors, and the grandson of film pioneer William Friese-Greene, Richard Marius Joseph Greene seemed destined for a career as a movie actor. Born August 25, 1918 (Some sources list his birth-date as 1914) in the port city of Plymouth, Devonshire, England, Greene was educated at the Cardinal Vaughn School in Kensington. At an early age, he became determined to pursue the acting profession, making his stage debut in 1933 at the Old Vic as a spear carrier in a production of William Shakespeare's "Julius Caesar". By this time, the formerly gawky teenager was rapidly maturing into an exceedingly good-looking young man with an athletic build, dark wavy hair, and a pleasant speaking voice. So handsome was he, in between acting gigs, supplanted his income as a shirt and hat model.

After a small role in a 1934 revival of "Journey's End and a bit part in the British musical film, Sing As We Go (1934), Greene joined the Brandon Thomas Repertory Company in 1936, traveling the length and breadth of the British Isles in a variety of productions. His first major break came in 1936 when he won accolades on the London stage as the juvenile lead in Terence Rattigan's "French Without Tears", which brought him to the attention of Alexander Korda then Darryl F. Zanuck. Fox signed the youngster in January, 1938, brought him to America, and immediately cast him in his first film: as the youngest of four brothers in John Ford's Four Men and a Prayer (1938). His excellent reviews and camera-friendly physical appearance (which inspired mountains of fan mail from adoring feminine moviegoers) convinced Zanuck to rush Greene into a series of top-notch films which showed him to advantage and might have been the springboard to more substantive roles and super-stardom had fate and World War II not intervened.

Greene gave several notable performances as a Fox contractor. He was a banker's son-turned-horse trainer in the popular horse-breeding epic, Kentucky (1938), a murdered baronet's son in the eerie "Sherlock Holmes" mystery, The Hound of the Baskervilles (1939), a college student estranged from his alcoholic father in Here I Am a Stranger (1939), and steamboat inventor Robert Fulton in the fanciful historical drama, Little Old New York (1940). At the peak of his popularity, with a growing resume of critically-acclaimed film work, and fan mail rivaling Fox's number one heartthrob, Tyrone Power, Greene abandoned his studio contract in 1940 and returned to his homeland to aid in the war effort: an admirable personal decision which would have negative professional consequences. Enlisting in the Royal Armoured Corps of the Twenty-Seventh Lancers, he distinguished himself throughout World War II, eventually becoming a captain. He was discharged in December, 1944. During the war, he was given three furloughs to appear in three British propaganda features. After the conflict ended, Greene and his young bride, beautiful British actress, Patricia Medina (whom he married in 1941) remained in England for a time, where both appeared on stage and in British movies. Richard's films included the charming comedy, Don't Take It to Heart (1944), and the disappointing biopic, Showtime (1946).
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Anxious to contribute to the war effort, in 1940 Montgomery made an unpublicized visit to
France, much to M-G-M's consternation, where he volunteered and drove an ambulance for
several weeks. Upon returning to the United States, he and friend and fellow actor Douglas
Fairbanks, Jr. determined to enlist in the service. Montgomery and Fairbanks applied for a
commision in the U.S. Naval Reserve. Montgomery was sent to the Intelligence Section in
the map room of the U.S. Naval Attache's office in London where he worked as an assistant.
He then returned to the U.S. where he was assigned to set up a naval operations room in
the White House.
Due to his military service, Montgomery was unable to attend the Febraruy 1942
Academy Award ceremony in which he was nominated as Best Actor for Here Comes MR. Jordan . The oscar that year went to Gary Cooper (for Sergeant York.)
In 1942 Montgomery saw action at Noumea, Espiritu Santo, Guadalcanal and New
Georgia and was operations officer aboard a destroyer during the D-day invasion of
France. He also commanded a P.T. boat in the South Pacific.
Among the military honors bestowed upon Montgomery were the Bronze Star and being
decorated as a Chevalier in the French Legion of Honor. Montgomery was retired from the
Navy with the rank of commander.
When Montgomery returned to the U.S. in 1944 he had a serious case of tropical fever,
but recovered enough to accept his first acting role in three years.

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Sensing America's eventual involvement in the war in Europe, Stewart enlisted in the armed forces in March 1941. An avid pilot in civilian life, he was assigned to the Air Corps and logged more than 1,800 hours of flight time in bomber missions. Before he returned to civilian life in 1945, he had risen to the rank of colonel and had been decorated several times. His first film upon returning to Hollywood was Capra's It's a Wonderful Life (1946), for which Stewart received his third Oscar nomination. Though the film generated mediocre box office at the time of its release, it has since become one of the most beloved films of all time, largely because of its numerous television showings since the 1970s. In 1999 it ranked 11th on the American Film Institute's list of the 100 greatest movies of all time.

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David Niven was named after the Saint's Day on which he was born, St. David, patron Saint of Wales. He attended Stowe School and Sandhurst Military Academy and served for two years in Malta with the Highland Light Infantry. At the outbreak of World War II, although a top-line star, he re-joined the army (Rifle Brigade). He did, however, consent to play in two films during the war, both of strong propaganda value--Spitfire (1942) and The Way Ahead (1944). In spite of six years' virtual absence from the screen, he came in second in the 1945 Popularity Poll of British film stars. On his return to Hollywood after the war he was made a Legionnaire of the Order of Merit (the highest American order that can be earned by an alien). This was presented to Lt. Col. David Niven by Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower.

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1942 saw many changes, one was the use of what was called 'para pups. These were the dogs that went with the airborne army and the SAS. Their job was to work with the soldiers and give warnings and sniff out a variety of dangers. Rob was such a dog in all he did twelve jumps behind enemy lines with his SAS handler.
By now the value of the four footed soldiers was evident. By May 1944, 7,000 dogs had passed through the training school. They were sent to all areas where soldiers dealt with conflict; their stories of bravery are legendary.
As in all such stories, the dogs with the soldiers, shared in the fatalities and injuries. The first dog to be killed was Bobbie. Bobbie was a white Alsatian; he ran messages while in France between military units. A vital job given to only the trusted dogs. He was killed by German machine gun fire. After darkness fell, a sergeant major and three men went out and carried Bobbie's body back to their lines. He was buried with full military honours. Such was the bond that developed between men and dog.
While dogs were serving their country abroad, many were showing their skill and courage by joining the search and rescue parties that desperately tried to find trapped casualties after a wave of vicious bombing.
Such a dog was Fluff whose home was destroyed but she managed to scratch her way out and summon help for her family.
Peggy, a Wire Fox Terrier rescued a woman and child.
Chum, an Airedale dug a passage to a woman so she could breath an prevent her being gassed by toxic fumes.


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Jackie Coogan was born into a family of vaudevillians where his father was a dancer and his mother had been a child star. On the stage by four, Jackie was touring at the age of five with his family in Los Angeles, California.

While performing on the stage, he was spotted by Charles Chaplin, who then and there planned a movie in which he and Jackie would star. To test Jackie, Chaplin first gave him a small part in A Day's Pleasure (1919), which proved that he had a screen presence. The movie that Chaplin planned that day was The Kid (1921), where the Tramp would raise Jackie and then lose him. The movie was very successful and Jackie would play a child in a number of movies and tour with his father on the stage.

By 1923, when he made Daddy (1923), he was one of the highest paid stars in Hollywood. He would leave First National for MGM where they put him into Long Live the King (1923). By 1927, at the age of 13, Coogan had grown up on the screen and his career was starting to go through a downturn. His popular film career would end with the classic tales of Tom Sawyer (1930) and Huckleberry Finn (1931).

In 1935, his father died and his mother married Arthur Bernstein, who was his business manager. When he wanted the money that he made as a child star in the 1920s, his mother and stepfather refused his request and Jackie filed suit for the approximately $4 million that he had made. Under California law at the time, he had no rights to the money he made as a child, and he was awarded only $126,000 in 1939. Because of the public uproar, the California Legislature passed the Child Actors Bill, also known as the Coogan Act, which would set up a trust fund for any child actor and protect his earnings.

In 1937, Jackie married Betty Grable and the marriage lasted for three years. During World War II, he would serve in the army and return to Hollywood after the war. Unable to restart his career, he worked in B-movies, mostly in bit parts and usually playing the heavy. It was in the 1950s that he started appearing on television and he acted in as many shows as he could. By the 1960s, he would be in two completely different television series, but both were comedies. The first one was "McKeever & the Colonel" (1962), where he played Sgt. Barnes in a military school from 1962 to 1963. The second series was the classic "The Addams Family" (1964), where he played Uncle Fester opposite Gomez and Morticia from 1964 to 1966. After that, he would continue making appearances on a number of television shows and a handful of movies. He died of a heart attack in 1984.

did you know ?
Volunteered for military service BEFORE Pearl Harbor. Jackie had a premonition of things to come?!

"Coogan enlisted in the US Army in March 1941. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, he requested a transfer to US Army Air Forces as a glider pilot because of his civilian flying experience. After graduating from glider school, he was made a Flight Officer and he volunteered for hazardous duty with the 1st Air Commando Group. In December 1943, the unit was sent to India. He flew British troops, the Chindits, under General Orde Wingate on 5 March 1944, landing them at night in a small jungle clearing 100 miles behind Japanese lines in the Burma campaign."